Taking Attendance Quick Teaching Tip

Keeping accurate attendance records is very important. This is especially true when something happens in a school and the administration needs to know where all students were at the time. It is not uncommon for law enforcement agencies to contact schools and ask if a student was present or absent on a particular day. Therefore, make sure that you take the time to keep accurate attendance records. At the beginning of the school year, you can use your attendance list as a means to help you learn each students name. However, once you know everyone in the class, you should be able to go through your list quickly and quietly. Two things can help you do this smoothly: daily warm-ups and assigned seating. If you have students answer a couple of questions at the beginning of each class period through a posted daily warm up, this will give you the time you need to complete your attendance records and deal with a couple of other housekeeping issues before your lesson begins. Further, if you have students sit in the same seat each day, then if you will know someone is absent from their empty seat. Each school will have a different method for collecting attendance sheets. If you have to send your attendance down to the office each day, assign a student each week to be responsible and have them do this quietly, and without disruption.If you have to post your attendance sheets for someone to collect from your classroom, make sure that the location for the sheets is right by the door.

Management Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf - 60639 Words

iiManagement Challenges for the 21st Century PETER F. DRUCKER Contents Introduction: Tomorrow’s â€Å"Hot† Issues 1 Management’s New Paradigms 2 Strategy—The New Certainties 3 The Change Leader 4 Information Challenges 5 Knowledge-Worker Productivity 6 Managing Oneself Acknowledgments About the Author Books By Peter F. Drucker Credits Front Cover Copyright About the Publisher iii Introduction: Tomorrow’s â€Å"Hot† Issues Where, readers may ask, is the discussion of COMPETITIVE STRATEGY, of LEADERSHIP, of CREATIVITY, of TEAMWORK, of TECHNOLOGY in a book on MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES? Where are the â€Å"HOT† ISSUES OF TODAY? But this is the very reason why they are not in this book. It deals exclusively with TOMORROW’S â€Å"Hot† Issues—the†¦show more content†¦A great many of these organizations will, of course, be businesses. And a great many of the individual knowledge workers affected by these challenges will be employees of business or working with business. Yet this is a MANAGEMENT book rather than a BUSINESS management book. The challenges it presents affect ALL organizations of today’s society. In fact, some of them will affect nonbusinesses even more, if only because a good many nonbusiness organizations—the university, for instance, or the hospital, let alone the government agency—are more rigid and less flexible than businesses are, and f ar more deeply rooted in the concepts, the assumptions, the policies of yesterday or even, as are universities, in the assumptions of the day before yesterday (i.e., of the 19th century). How to use the book? I suggest you read a chapter at a time— they are long chapters. And then first ask: â€Å"What do these issues, these challenges MEAN for our organization and for me as a knowledge worker, a professional, an executive?† Once you have thought this through, ask: â€Å"What ACTION should our organization and I, the individual knowledge worker and/or executive, take to make the challenges of this chapter into OPPORTUNITIES for our organization and me?† AND THEN GO TO WORK! Peter F Drucker Claremont,Show MoreRelatedA Historical Analysis Of The Immigration Policy3994 Words   |  16 Pages(USCIS, 2015). This legislation also allowed agricultural workers to come to the U.S. from North, South and Central America through what was called the Bracero Program, which c reated a federal government measure to help meet war-related economic challenges with cheap Mexican labor (FAIR, 2008). After World War II, the immigration quotas posed problems for refugees. The Displaced Persons Act of 1948 and the Refugee Relief Act of 1953 extended quotas to allow war refugees asylum. Refugee legislation

The effects of implementation Free Essays

One may ponder how the school came to be such a beautiful place, that even visitors and strangers pause for admiration. To begin with, in the year 1950-1951 through energetic Mayor Marcia V. Marino, the school of Sat. We will write a custom essay sample on The effects of implementation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Brigade was initiated to be opened. During those days the school site was purely a wilderness and abode of wild animals. Luckily in July 1950, some of the loyal and hardworking men in the persons of Mr.. Severe De Leon Villain, and Mrs.. Richard Cruz a barrio lieutenant, and P. T. A. President. They made a petition signed by all the residents of the place that the community Is In dire need of a school site and building to house their future and present citizens. With God’s blessing the petition was granted and approved In August 1952 with Mr.. Potential Antonio being the first supervisor. Through his dynamic guidance and supervision a school building was sprung up from the good coordination, help and untiring effort to good people of Sat. Brigade. A lady teacher was assigned in the person of Miss Marcela Orbs to organized Grade I classes. The class was first housed temporarily in a private house until finally a school site has been surveyed by Engineer Felon Radon and approved by the government under proclamation No. 51 Series of 1962 by the late President MacDougal. Immediately In 1953 a P. T. A. Building was constructed In the school site spear headed by Mr.. Richard Cruz, the barrio captain, and parents of the community, with special mention to the late Mr.. Alexandra ABA, the chief carpenter who made the school building reached Its completion. Year In and year out additional crowded In until finally in June 1958-1959 a complete primary grades were opened under the head teacher Mr.. Edgar Artist. Year 1961-1962, intermediate classes were opened thus made Sat. Brigade a complete elementary school. His administration was marked by the construction of one Marco’s type, 2 Type B-A, and one P. T. A. Building. But time flew so fast that by the year 1969-1970. Mr.. Edgar Artist was transferred to Room Elementary School and was placed by Mrs.. Slalom B. Rodeos cashed teacher. During his first year of office a permanent fence, flagpole and concrete water- sealed toilet was constructed all of which were donated by the good people of Sat. Brigade and at the same time a Marco’s Type Building was constructed and completed too. By 1972-1973, the school got a lion share from the ten percent (10%) tax collection, which made the completion of two more buildings and P. T. A. building now seen at the west side of the school site. The following year she was promoted Into a Principal, and together with her promotion was the construction of another How to cite The effects of implementation, Papers

Tenaga National Berhad free essay sample

For example, some factory they will need to increase their product, by buying more machine or take much more time to increase their product to supply the product based on the demand of the consumer needed since when the economic growth, the purchasing power of the consumer also will increase. Interest rates Interest rates also play an important role to the TNB. Since for a small rise of the interest rate may influnce the profit to become loss. I was read the article from Noor Yahaya Hamzah. In the article, I was seen that TNB was had a huge debt on 2005. Let assume TNB was had 30 billion bank loans, and 1% of the interest rate with the 1. 2billion profit. 1 percent of 30 billion is 300million, so the profit will have 900million. But when the interest rate was increased from 1% to 4%, the 4 percent of the 300million is 1. 2billion, so the TNB will get loss for this year. Exchange Rates The location of the bussiness also one of the factors to get more profit or get loss for a business. Since different location will have different currency, so that will have a different exchange rates also. For example when the payment is 100million Pound, and the recently exchange rate is 4. 8404 that mean TNB need to pay RM 484. 04million, but if the exchange rate is for last time is around 7. 0+/- that mean TNB need to pay around RM 700million for the 100 million pound. There is a huge different which can make it get profit or loss for this payment. Taxation When the taxation increase, the profit of the company will decrease. For example, 25% taxation recently, RM 300 million will get 75million taxation fees, but 28% taxation will get 84million taxation fees. There are 9million expenses for the company, just the small changes of the taxation rates. But when the taxation rate increase, the expenses of the company will increase also, they will spend their to buy machine, vehicle and others utilities to decrease the profit they get, so that no need to pay too much tax. By this the profit of the TNB will increase, since for the machine or the other utilies such as electrical products will increase the usage of the electrical. Inflation When the inflation rate increase,the demand of the consumer will decrease. For example the air conditional is RM 1000 last time, now already increase from RM 1000 to RM 1500, so that not everyone can consume the products which under higher inflation rate. By this the demand of the electrical products or other utilies will decrease. So the demand of the electricity will decrease also. Therefore the profit of TNB will decrease. Social factors of Tenaga Nasional Berhad TNB is a Malaysia-based electric utility services provider which partially-owned by Malaysia government. Until the mid nineteen twenties, most generating plants were small and used a variety of fuel including low grade coal, local wood, charcoal and important oil as well as water power. Large scale planning, huge sums of capital from overseas and hiring of foreign technical experts increase because of rapid increase in electricity demands. Now,TNB has an installed capacity of 11,941 Megawatts (MW) and operates thermal and hydro electric plants. The company operates six thermal stations and three major hydroelectric schemes. Tnb responsible for deliver adequate, safe, reliable and continuous power supply for core businesses and operations which is essential for development of the country. To ensure this delivery, TNB has invested some RM4 billion annually for new infrastructures and technology such as the building of new transmission lines, power plants or substations. As a leading power supply company,TNB also doing more social work than any other coperal company in Malaysia. Tnb’sCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy is founded on philanthropy in key areas such as education, sports, the environment and helping the underprivileged. In 2008,Tnb become one of the largest corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) contributors in Malaysia by spending more than 1. 9 billion ringgit for social activities. In education,Tnb provide many scholarship to student and researchers through Yayasan Tenaga Nasional(YTN). Tnb also providing education through Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) and Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS). Strategic cooperation between UNITEN and the industrial sector provides access and opportunities for students and academic staff to master knowledge as well as scientific and technical expertise that are relevant with industrial and market place needs. In sports,Tnb is the main supporter for hockey. In 2007, TNB contributed RM1. 1 million to the Malaysian Olympic Council which was channeled to the Malaysian Hockey Federations (MHF) for development of hockey sport in the country. In 2008, TNB become major sponsor for the 2008 Malaysian Game (SUKMA) which held in Terengganu. TNB is also the main sponsor for cricket in the country. Besides that,Tnb also shows their responsibility on environment by helping to conserve nature in the surrounding areas. TNBs major contribution can be seen in the Companys efforts in the preservation of the firefly colony in Kampung Kuantan in Kuala Selangor by providing 1. 5 billion for the protection of firefly. This species of firefly flickers in unison creating a natural lightshow after dark along the Kuala Selangor riverbank. TNB also involve in research on the lampyridae firefly lifecycle. Technological  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     (Yogeswary) Environmental factors of Tenaga Nasional Berhad The increasing public concern over the state of global environment has caused business organizations to give more considerations to the nature environment. In fact, environmental issues are a challenge for business organizations. Due to increasing awareness and pressure from the public, many corporations today have in some way disclosed environmental information. The most common way undertaken by companies to disseminate environmental information to the public is through the corporate annual report. Electricity plays a very important role in human lives as well as the wellbeing of economics activities of any country. Undeniably, electricity is a critical input sustaining Malaysia economic growth and development and wellbeing of its people. Without electricity, everything in life will be interrupted and crippled. TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD which can also call as TNB is dedicated to increase efficiency in its business operations and generation technologies; consistent with a reasonable tariff and persistently upholding the need to care for our environment. Major environmental issues arising from electricity production include water impacts, generation of wastes, and the disruption of land uses. Due to significant environmental degradation caused by electricity production, it is important that electricity providers becoming more transparent in reporting the environmental implications of their operations. By acknowledging environmental issues in their annual report, electricity providers depict a sense of accountable towards the stakeholders and are more responsible for future generation. This study attempts to examine the environmental reporting or disclosure practice of TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD (TNB), the largest electricity producer in Malaysia. Social factors of Tenaga Nasional Berhad Legal environment related to the surroundings of the firm location and operations. Thus, environmental law such as Environmental Quality Act of 1974. This law ensures the firm does not pollute or cause harm to the surroundings and ultimately the environment. Legal issues can both be advantage and disadvantage. Disadvantages could be affecting the firms cost and R amp;D. Advantages can be obtained such as going green and save our environment. Categories of Laws: Health and safety legislation: * Occupational Safety and Health: to secure safety, health and welfare of a person at work. Consumer laws: * National Consumer Policy: focus is the formulation of national economic and social policies based on enhancing consumer benefit. Competition laws: * Copyright Act 1987: to ensure the trademark of the company not affected and copied by other competitors to promote their product. Being the sole major provider of electricity in Malaysia, Tenaga Nasional Berhad have a little to no competition when it comes to Malaysia. Tenaga Nasional Berhad also owns one of Malaysias private universities: Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), which have to compete with other universities for students every semester and that market is more wide and price sensitive compared to the electrical distribution one for TNB but its still not where it specializes. Since Tenaga Nasional Berhad is a government linked company and has been around for as long as Malaysians can remember, it has developed a trusted relationship with the public, but raising the prices, or too much Power outages are sure to backlash badly on both the company and the governments image even if the circumstances that made that happen are out of their hands , which in any case the government must work to prevent and that is sure to keep the prices in check. To conclude, the buyers power is Moderate because of the no major alternatives when it comes to electricity distributions in Malaysia and the governments deep involvement which must look out after its citizens situation. Competitive Rivalry Rivalry among competing firms in an industry is not uncommon feature. This is because each firm in an industry is jockeying for a better position than the other competing firms. A strategic move by one competitor can only be successful to the extent that the moves provide competitive advantage over the rival firms. However, when the rival firms retaliate with counter strategic moves, like reducing the price, intense advertising, provide high quality, superior product warranty, and many others, this could dampen the earlier move of the firm in the industry. Thus, the nature of competition would be intense and could be heightened with the presence of one or some of these factors. Tenaga Nasional Berhad is a independent power producer such as YTL, Genting Sanyen, PD Power. The competition is expected to get more intense when Asean Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) which was implemented in 2005 that allow other ASEAN countries transformer manufacturers free to enter Malaysian market. A TNB group company is seen to form majority of Malaysia market for distribution transformers and as a result, the survival of the local manufacturers are solely depending on TNB group requirement. TNB will have to increase their efficiency in conducting their business to ensure their sustainability in the business such as low operational cost or increase the capacity of the power supply. There are some high exit barriers for the Tenaga Nasional Berhad that is once the company has already enter the utility business, the capitals invested in the assets are very high and specialised in the utility business. Top competitors of the Tenaga Nasional Berhad are CLP Holding Limited (Kowloon, Hong Kong), The Furukawa Electric Co. LTD(Tokyo, Japan), International Power PLC(London, UK). Industries where Tenaga Nasional Berhad competes are electric utilities, business services sector, construction sector, architectural and engineering services, speciality contractors, lectrical products manufacturing. Threat of Substitution Tenaga Nasional Berhad(TNB), power supplier that monopoly the power supply all over Peninsular Malaysia, where Malaysia government is the major shareholders of the company through Ministry of Finance. TNB have collaboration with Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd (SESB) and Sarawak Electricity Supply Corp (SESCo). IPP| Location| Capacity (MW)| YTL Power Generation| Pak a, TerengganuPasir Gudang, Johor| 808404| Segari Energy Ventures Sdn Bhd| Lumut, Perak| 1303| Powertek Sdn Bhd| Alor Gajah, Melaka| 440| Port Dickson Sdn Bhd| Tanjung Gemuk, Port Dickson| 440| Pahlawan Power Sdn Bhd| Tanjung Keling, Melaka| 334| Genting Sanyen Power Sdn Bhd| Kuala Langat, Selangor| 720| IPP are independent power producers that contribute to TNB power distribution around Peninsular Malaysia. Although, TNB is dominating the power supply market, with transmission and distribution equipment from foreign gigantic companies, such as ABB, Siemens and Samsung, the probability threat of substitution is still strong enough to overcome the domination of TNB in power supply market. IPP’s who contributing to power supply of TNB, can be a indirect competitors in short term and can be a direct and strong competitor in future long run. In conclusion, the threat of substitution exist for TNB, but the percentage is too small, because TNB had hold the majority of Total Addressable Market Size of power supply in Peninsular Malaysia. Threat of new entry First of all, our government will decide whether to allow new entrants to enter in the electrical power industry or not. This is due to industries such as utilities are considered natural monopoly. Natural monopoly means that if a single firm is the only seller in the market, then the costs of utilities are minimized to the customers. Thus, it is more efficient if one company provide electric power in a region rather than few electric companies. To prevent utilities from make use of this advantage, the government permits monopoly but regulates the industry. Besides, the barriers to entry in the electrical power industry is high because any new comer will need high capital investment in Research amp; Development (Ramp;D), Technology and marketing in order to compete with organizations which are present in the industry. As of 2011, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) has six thermal power stations and three major hydroelectric power generating plants in peninsular Malaysia. In addition, TNB reduces transmission loss up to 2. 8% by introducing low loss conductor as of year 2011. Furthermore, TNB covers end-to-end services such as repairing, testing, maintaining power plants, assembling and manufacturing high voltage switch gears and etc. The new entrants might be lack of proprietary technology such that to become a player in the industry. Hence, the threat of new entrants is very unlikely as the start up cost of entering the industry needs a lot of investment. On the other hand, TNB is in the electrical power industry for more than 60 years. It has more experience in this industry than any other electrical company in Malaysia such as Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd and Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation. Hence, it has gained trust and loyalty from its customers especially in peninsular Malaysia. In order to earn customers trust, new entrants will take very long term or they should come out with some innovative plan.

Jane Eyre Is A Feminist Novel Essay Example

Jane Eyre Is A Feminist Novel Paper In the early nineteenth century, which was when Bronte wrote the book, men were considered to be superior to women and therefore played a much more dominant role in society whereas women were secondary and thought to be merely appendages to men. The heroine of the novel Jane Eyre contradicts the role women played as she is brave enough to say â€Å"no† to the social conventions and instead play the role that she wants to play instead of the role she â€Å"should† portray. As the author of this classic, Charlotte Bronte is thought to be a pioneer of the feminist movement. This essay is to explore the aspects of feminism and the oppression of men within the novel to explain why the book is considered to be a feminist novel. Jane was oppressed by four different men during the novel although in different ways. The first of these was her cousin John Reed, who tormented and bullied young Jane because she was an orphan. She did nothing to ignite his rage and was unable to do anything but withstand it. â€Å"Accustomed to John Reed’s abuse, I never had an idea of replying to it: my care was how to endure the blow which would certainly follow the insult†, this quotation shows how Jane never once thought to retaliate to his words or actions, reflecting the fact that it was a woman’s place to do as she was told and not as she wanted. It was only after John’s harsh reminders of her past that it was as if she could withstand no more, â€Å"Wicked and cruel boy! We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre Is A Feminist Novel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre Is A Feminist Novel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre Is A Feminist Novel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer †Cried she, symbolising her determination to fight against this unfair world. This is the first representation of feminism in the book. However, despite the reasons for Jane’s actions, she is later reprimanded and punished for it, is this the consequence of her standing up to a male figure or is it a reflection of their individual social class? Later Jane experiences oppression at the hands of Mr Brocklehurst, the treasurer and manager of Lowood School, of which Jane attends. Mr Brocklehurst represents those who obtained a very strong belief in the women-inferiority theory, which he expresses when he says, â€Å"My plan in bringing up these girls is†¦to render them hardy, patient, self-denying† and also through his actions of allowing the girls no luxuries, be it in food, or clothing, etc. It appeared to be his opinion that women should live a simple life perhaps in order to depend on men. He insults Jane in the novel and says she is evil and should be shunned by her peers despite the lack of proof for his statement he is not overruled or ignored because of his superiority because he appears as quite a threatening character or simply because he is a man. The main male protagonist in the novel, Edward Rochester, although undeniably in love with Jane seemed to try and control her slightly, for example he seems to want to change Jane through buying her several dresses, etc. Which are overly extravagant compared to her own plain and standard wardrobe. In trying to change her appearance it is as if he is trying to also change Jane as a person and perhaps by receiving the clothes she would have been accepting his dominance over her and so by refusing his offer she is showing herself as a strong individual who seeks equality. Her final oppressor, St. John had quite strong opinions of the purpose of women and thought that a woman’s worth was only recognised only when she devoted her life to a man. He thought that it was an honour for Jane, if she married him and helped him with his work in India. He assumed that Jane would undoubtedly agree to his proposal because it was what a ‘good woman’ should do, however Jane declined because she wanted a marriage based on love not convenience. The character of Miss Blanche Ingram is portrayed as a sharp contrast to that of Jane because she represents how a typical woman of this time period would act. All she wanted was to find a wealthy husband to serve and to bare his children. She believed – as did most – that marriage should be established within social ranks and money and that husbands and children were a woman`s whole world. Women had no control in their lives or even over their bodies; they had no idea of their value they were just a possession belonging to a man. Whilst some women were quite content just to follow this regime, some like Jane were unhappy with the obvious dominance of men and henceforth the obvious lack of equality between the two genders and so I believe that the characteristics and beliefs of Jane are what most strongly equate to this being a feminist novel. To conclude I believe that there are several reasons and points within the book that successfully suggests that Jane Eyre is a feminist novel, but I think most prominent and perhaps obvious is the overall character of Jane and how she breaks out of the mould of the typical woman with her independent and intelligent actions. When reading the novel, women of that time would perhaps look to Jane as a heroine and feel inspired that there is may be more to a woman than merely a wife and a mother, but a strong, independent individual.

Communist Manifesto All that is solid melts into air essays

Communist Manifesto All that is solid melts into air essays In the Gospel of St. Matthew, chapter 27 A-B, the people are given the traditional release of one prisoner. They have a choice, the just man Jesus Christ and the notable prisoner Barabbas. When asked which prisoner should be released the people responded, Barabbas. (convinced by the chief priests and elders.) Pontius Pilate asks what punishment he should be given. They all responded: Let him be crucified. Disturbed by the obvious injustice, Pilate feebly asks, What evil hath he done? The people rise in blind, tumultuous cries, Let him be crucified! Again, Pilate appeals to them by washing his hands before the people and saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person. The impassioned crowd, the tumult rising, calls the accountability upon themselves, His blood be on us, and on our children! Bach captures the horrific nature of this event exquisitely in The St. Matthew Passion. The chorus explodes into rising human voices, violently one upon the other, in a terrifying spectacle of mob mentality. The listener is disturbed; the wrongness of it frightens and saddens him. This is an example of a mass human sentiment. It is undeniably immoral and frightening in its intensity. The people are aroused beyond even what they have been convinced of, to the point of willfully taking the guilt of innocent blood onto the whole human race. What is this phenomena? To a rational individual, the passion of the masses is not only illogical, but depraved and evil; it is the product of an emotional momentum with nothing inherent in it to check its behavior. While, undoubtedly, a zealous mass sentiment could possibly work for a good thing, what is to insure that it will? A mass of humans has no collective moral conscious; there is no set of laws that it obeys, neither head nor heart exists to serve as guide. In the Communis...

Chapter 10 Review

Organisms that can’t make their own food consumed the food molecules made by autotrophs, eat autotrophs or eat organisms that consumed autotrophs. 2. Explain how an organism’s metabolism is related to Earth’s carbon cycle. An organism’s metabolism is related to using energy to build organic molecules which contain carbon or breaking down organic molecules in which energy is stored. Because of this, an organism’s metabolism is a part of the Earth’s carbon cycle. This cycle make carbon compounds continuously available in an ecosystem and deliver chemical energy to organism living within that ecosystem 3. Describe how energy is released from ATP. ATP is made up of an unstable chain of 3 phosphate group because they are all negatively charged and thus repel each other. The energy that was stored is released during the breaking of the 3rd bond. This energy can be released as heat or power in cell in order to help perform chemical activities. ATP can be used to contract muscle cell, actively transport a protein or help make more ATP. Critical Thinking 4. Analyzing Patterns Explain how life involves a continuous flow of energy. The law of conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy is an isolated system remains constant. The consequence of this law is that energy cannot be created nor destroyed. Energy can be converted or transformed into another form of energy. We can’t create more energy. A certain amount of energy will always be lost, usually as heat, to the environment. Therefore, when we use glucose and other products to maintain our bodies, we generate heatas a â€Å"waste product†. Heat is also lost at each step as we go up the food chain, until all the energy trapped by plant is liberated as heat. Thus, energy does flow through life, or a system. At one point it was sunlight, at another point glucose, another point biomass consumed, and as heat finally. 5. Inferring Relationships How can the energy in the food that a fox eats be traced back to the sun? Fox in general or red fox may consume birds or small mammals like squirrels, rabbits and mice. And as we know, squirrels eat fruits, nuts and seeds. These are products of plants, or autotrophs. Autotrophs make their own food through photosynthesis. However, it would be impossible for them to produce organic compounds from CO2 and H2O without sunlight. Therefore, the energy in the food that the squirrels eat, which the fox eats, came from the sun. 6. Summarizing Information What is the difference between cellular respiration and the process by which energy is released from a burning log? When the log burns the chemical energy stored in wood molecules is released in a burst of heat and light. While during a cellular respiration, stored chemical energy is released gradually in a series of enzyme-assisted reactions. Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria. This process is the breaking down C6H12O6 and burning it with O2 in a combustion or water yielding reaction to form CO2 and H2O while burning a log is an exothermic reaction which is caused by the burning of Hydrocarbon in the presence of O2. Chapter 10 Review Organisms that can’t make their own food consumed the food molecules made by autotrophs, eat autotrophs or eat organisms that consumed autotrophs. 2. Explain how an organism’s metabolism is related to Earth’s carbon cycle. An organism’s metabolism is related to using energy to build organic molecules which contain carbon or breaking down organic molecules in which energy is stored. Because of this, an organism’s metabolism is a part of the Earth’s carbon cycle. This cycle make carbon compounds continuously available in an ecosystem and deliver chemical energy to organism living within that ecosystem 3. Describe how energy is released from ATP. ATP is made up of an unstable chain of 3 phosphate group because they are all negatively charged and thus repel each other. The energy that was stored is released during the breaking of the 3rd bond. This energy can be released as heat or power in cell in order to help perform chemical activities. ATP can be used to contract muscle cell, actively transport a protein or help make more ATP. Critical Thinking 4. Analyzing Patterns Explain how life involves a continuous flow of energy. The law of conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy is an isolated system remains constant. The consequence of this law is that energy cannot be created nor destroyed. Energy can be converted or transformed into another form of energy. We can’t create more energy. A certain amount of energy will always be lost, usually as heat, to the environment. Therefore, when we use glucose and other products to maintain our bodies, we generate heatas a â€Å"waste product†. Heat is also lost at each step as we go up the food chain, until all the energy trapped by plant is liberated as heat. Thus, energy does flow through life, or a system. At one point it was sunlight, at another point glucose, another point biomass consumed, and as heat finally. 5. Inferring Relationships How can the energy in the food that a fox eats be traced back to the sun? Fox in general or red fox may consume birds or small mammals like squirrels, rabbits and mice. And as we know, squirrels eat fruits, nuts and seeds. These are products of plants, or autotrophs. Autotrophs make their own food through photosynthesis. However, it would be impossible for them to produce organic compounds from CO2 and H2O without sunlight. Therefore, the energy in the food that the squirrels eat, which the fox eats, came from the sun. 6. Summarizing Information What is the difference between cellular respiration and the process by which energy is released from a burning log? When the log burns the chemical energy stored in wood molecules is released in a burst of heat and light. While during a cellular respiration, stored chemical energy is released gradually in a series of enzyme-assisted reactions. Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria. This process is the breaking down C6H12O6 and burning it with O2 in a combustion or water yielding reaction to form CO2 and H2O while burning a log is an exothermic reaction which is caused by the burning of Hydrocarbon in the presence of O2.

Watson's Theory of Caring Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Watson's Theory of Caring - Term Paper Example It goes without saying that the profession and discipline of nursing is primarily about human care. So, if nursing is essentially about caring than it is imperative that the nurses ought to make a conscious effort to inculcate the element of care in all the major aspects of their profession, be it the nursing education, the administrative or clinical aspects of nursing or the future research related to nursing (McGraw, 2002, p. 98). It is imperative for healthcare systems to retain human caring as the core of their existence. To further the aspect of human caring, Watson propounded the theory of human care. Watson realized that the expansion of health facilities around the world has manifolded augmented the work load of nurses. In that context the nurses are required to deal with healthcare situations that are more complex and variegated. So nurses are required to retain caring as the essential aspect of their practice and Jean Watson’s theory of caring is peculiarly associate d with this aspect of nursing. Jean Watson’s theory of caring connects the nursing profession to the very roots of its profession and actually lays down the framework for defining an ideal nurse (McGraw, 2002, p. 97). Dr. Jean Watson is a renowned American scholar in nursing. Dr. Watson got her undergraduate degree in nursing and psychology from University of Colorado. She further earned a Masters in psychiatric-mental health and a Ph.D. in educational psychology and counseling. Watson accrued several national and international awards and honors and propounded the Theory of Caring. Watson’s Theory of caring is based on some salient assumptions (Watson, 1979). It is only in an interpersonal perspective that nursing care can be extended, administered and managed. Caring has to do with some essential carative factors that satisfy some basic human needs. Effective caring not only allows for a salubrious recuperation but also promotes individual and family health. Caring is not only about accepting the people as they are in a present context, but also accepting what they could become in a futuristic context. Good caring allows the individuals a full scope for the development of their innate potential, and also allows and helps people make the choices that are in their best interest, at a particular point of time. The caring aspect of nursing complements the overall process of curing. Above all, the discipline and concept of caring should constitute the core of nursing profession. Based on these assumptions, Dr. Watson extended and recognized ten carative factors that go a long way in retaining and propagating the humanistic aspects of nursing. These ten carative factors given by Watson constitute the essential core of Watson’s Theory of Caring. The ten carative factors given by Watson are: Humanistic System of Values: Caring should be centered on a value system that is affiliated to the essential universal, humanistic values (Watson, 1999). Suc h humanistic values include within their scope the notions of empathy, kindness, self love and the love for humanity. Sustaining Faith and Hope: The development of the profession of nursing and healthcare is full of examples highlighting the importance of faith and hope. This factor lays emphasis on recognizing and appreciating the deep seated beliefs and values of an individual in the overall process of caring and curing (Watson, 1999). Sensitivity towards others: The essential aspect of being a human is the ability to feel. The best possible way towards accruing sensitivity towards oneself and others is to recognize one’s deep seated feelings. Feelings play a central role in the endeavor of being compassionate and

The Learner's Log Book (LLB) for the Saudi Airlines Case Article

The Learner's Log Book (LLB) for the Saudi Airlines Case - Article Example The EFQM Excellence Model, developed by the European Foundation for Quality Management, enables organizations to analyze themselves systematically. All the necessary elements for organizational excellence (process quality, employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction, leadership quality, etc.) are analyzed  The  EFQM Journey to Excellence (J2E) / Internal Excellence Assessor (IEA-EFQM) Training  gives you the skills to organize a self-assessment based of the EFQM Excellence Model, to act as an Internal Excellence Assessor, and to develop, after the self-assessment, a plan for  Striving for Excellence. Are you interested to learn how to use the EFQM Excellence Model to identify and drive improvements at your organization? Would you like to learn how to conduct a successful self-assessment based on the Excellence Model? Would you like to act as an Internal Excellence Assessor? Then this training is for you! EFQM excellence model is developed by the Saudi Arabian Airlines industry to evaluate them methodically. For this, the essential ingredients of organizational excellence such as workers satisfaction, quality process, consumer satisfaction, and leadership quality etc are evaluated. Followings are the key learning points in this article. Saudi Arabian Airlines industry adopts various quality management techniques to improve the overall functioning of the industry. In order to improve the quality, Saudi Arabian Airlines adopted the Self Assessment model in tandem with the European Foundation of Quality Management (EFQM) which is considered as an effective tool for empowering activities in the direction of business excellence.

Communication Through Graphic Design Essay Example for Free

Communication Through Graphic Design Essay I’m going to college to earn a degree in Graphic Design. Graphic Design is the art or skill of combining text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, or books. My dream has always been to work for a large successful major business or company. I would love to live in the city and be able to drive down the high way or pick up a magazine and see my design in it for everyone to see. One of the biggest meanings of the word â€Å"design† is planning. To design is to come up with a plan for all elements of a project. I’ve always been really big on making plans. Like when I go to the mall I don’t like to just walk around aimlessly. I like to have a planned route of certain stores I’m going to go to, and in what order I’m going to go to them. I’ve never actually thought about the communication process when it comes to a career in Graphic Design. I always figured it was a career with little communication considering it’s all mostly done on the computer and independently. Depending on the job task, company, or person your doing a certain job for there has to be plenty on communication in order to get the project and design done. Which is a sender receiver type of communication. When going to create a design you must pay close attention to the person telling you what to design. So good communication skills are relevant to get a good job done and reach your bosses standards. Graphic Design is all about communicating images, ideas, and information visually. There are many different types of communication, Graphic Design is visual and non-verbal communication. For example, a billboard on the side of the road is still a form of communication even though there isn’t technically any talking going on. People drive by and still get the point and the message without any verbal communication. Some interesting history I never realized or thought about is that technically graphic design started back in the prehistoric period. With cavemen doing cave paintings and markings on boulders to relay a message to others. It’s interesting to think that people have been creating forms of non verbal communication through somewhat Graphic Design for quite some time now. Graphic Designs involves intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. This is because with this type of job comes lots of thinking, analyzing, listening, observing, questioning, and evaluating. Also I learned that there’s nonverbal physical means in Graphic Design such as; sign language, touch, eye contact, and body language by using design. It’s through communication that understanding, cooperation, and collaboration occur. Communication skills is way more important in Graphic Design than most would assume.

The Dehumanization of Gregor in Kafkas Metamorphosis Essay -- Kafka M

The Dehumanization of Gregor in The Metamorphosis In the novella The Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka, the main character Gregor undergoes a physical transformation from human to bug. Despite this change in appearance, he maintains his human brain as insect tendencies slowly take over his day to day behavior. He maintains his thoughtless state of mind, memories, and inner dialogue during his exterior transformation. Although he maintains his mental capacities, it is his change in appearance that causes his family to turn against him and eventually kill him. These events show how people can become dehumanized by society and the government only because of a difference in behavior or appearance. In Gregor's case, he is transformed in an extreme manner and only remains human in his thoughts and emotions. "He found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect." This extreme form of physical transformation is used to show how even a person's own family can, under certain conditions, reject, mistreat, and eventually kill because of a change in outward appearance or behavior....

Casestudy of admin user

The system to be implemented will be an arsenal system of SC Officers (SIT Student Council) containing all information regarding SC officers, task , schedules of duties, projects update, announcement and Adman messages for members and accomplishment report. The main functionality of this system Is to make It easy to distribute and view Information needed with Just a few clicks. 1. 2. 1 General Objective To provide services appropriate related to the priority of each task of officers. It may be important to ensure consistent service over a set of tasks. Member's schedules, personal information, task etc. Will be updated. 2_2 Specific Objectives The specific objective of the project is to support every member's need for real time information. By using a system like this, the members can easily view their specific task and important matters. 1. 3 Significance of the Study This will allow users to have a tool to access related Information that will help them In viewing their schedule and task, announcement and project updates. This can also help Adrian and president In monitoring the members progress. Members will also has a benefit from this system in terms of getting the information, announcements ND other concern of the adman.This tool will also help adman in assessing their members' standings and performing quick resolutions to augment their performance when they view their account from the scheduling system. 1. 4 Scope and Limitations This project will help the members view the following Information. Schedule Task Announcement Messages Project Updates This tool should be updated so that the members and adman can get accurate and credentials form to access the system, same with the adman for security purposes. This system is for the SC Officers only. This system cannot be access using mobile. . 0 Methodology of the Study The education sector is playing a vital role in shaping how the next generation of information technology market will lead with more advances to streamline every rules and specification process. School universities and colleges have adopting the aspect of developing systems and program applications for the advancement of opportunity for improvements. Like every other school institution SIT has also its own student organization that design to help other student of different level and courses address basic issues and encores.The organization comprises with selected students with dedicated and have a high sense of responsibility as a student from workplace and with the co- students. Our project team is composed of five members and one of the developers is an officer of SIT Student Council that initiates to propose and established a tailored and custom desktop application called â€Å"Scheduling System† that would benefit and streamlined its current process for (SC) SIT Student Council as our end user target client. The software like Visual Basic.Net as one of the in demand cutting edge littoral technology of Microsoft is the team choice to use by its advantages. With this kind of software and its capability it can create a more flexible user design and user experience as the front end leverage in working with different type of back end databases. However, team decide to use the Myself software as our database where we connect the tables and query we have created as our data source. It has different type such as the log in form where registered user can only access like Adman and officers.Next form is where you can see the personal information, schedule task, ember's logs, announcement, messages, password reset and projects. Next form can be seen each account of every officer, their task and schedules, announcement from the adman and projects. Next form is where can be seen project proposal and messages. The system designed to create a centralize information for each member to manage their workloads, task, events, and other assigned roles.Advantages: Officers can view listed task Officers can vie w scheduled events Adman can managed collaborative information of officers task Adman can view logs for attendance officers The system is windows base and hosted only at school Can be use for present and future batch of student council The system is limited for student council only Members can view at the school only The system cannot be implemented online Tailored desktop application implemented where the local server is hosted within the school infrastructure only.Maintenance is administered with the help of school staff and member of the council. The project development has its few high lights such as closely working with the team, scheduled a weekly meetings over nights, create a well documented task and to co's, dig the research and development, learn the team collaboration, increase technical expertise. 3. 0 Data Gather and Procedure and Output The team agreed to use the personal interviews by getting their statement and opinions from its current process with an opportunity of improvements.Provide like a survey form or questionnaires with some set of specific questions considering related concerns to the organization. The close coordination with the clients that help us gives the precise insights of how we are going to start the design, development, and implementation. The more important aspects are to ensure the well documented of every detailed business rules and specification requirements gathered from the end user.Project milestone and timeliness are closely monitored to meet the target deliverable of the project. An established high level to low level diagram process flow help sustain the development stage of the software life cycle. User acceptance testing is the crucial part by working closely with the client to ensure in meeting all the requirements upon deployment. Final implementation and deployment is happen after user acceptance testing provided with team maintenance and support.

Impact of Corporate Governance on Firm Performance

Impact of Corporate Governance on Firm Performance—an Empirical investigation from the Insurance Industry of Pakistan Hafiz Muhammad Raheel Arif* [email  protected] com 00923216190575 *COMSATS Institute of Information Technology and Science Lahore, Pakistan Abstract The study is devoted to check the impact of corporate governance (CG) on the firm performance (FP) of the insurance industry of Pakistan. Four measures have been used in the paper to check the firm performance being affected by the corporate governance. These measures are Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Market to Book ratio and Price Earnings ratio.Data of 24 insurance companies is taken from websites of the companies and Karachi Stock Exchange website for the years 2007-2011 making up 107 observations excluding the missing observations. Pooled Ordinary Least Square (POLS) regression technique is used to regress the data. Findings of this study conclude that Institutional Shareholding ratio, B oard Size and Independent Directors’ ratio affect firm performance in the positive way whereas, CEO duality, Firm size, and Leverage have negative impact on firm performance overall when firm performance measured through four different measures.In future, the study may be extended to more corporate governance variables and increased sample size so that more generalized results may be achieved. Key words: Corporate Governance, Firm Performance, Insurance Industry, Pakistan. Introduction C orporate governance has now gained very much importance in the corporate world. Almost in all the countries around the globe corporate governance has become mandatory and is regulated by the concerning bodies. Like in Pakistan, this is mandatory for the corporations to comply with the best practices according to the Code of Corporate Governance [*].Various studies have attempted to probe into the relationship of corporate governance with the firm performance in the corporate world across vari ous countries. The study strives to investigate the impact of corporate governance on firm performance in the Insurance industry of Pakistan. The study basically extends the findings of Naser Najjar (2012), in his study; Naser * Code of corporate governance is included in the Regulation No. 37 for the listing regulations of Karachi Stock Exchange to ensure the best practices of corporate governance in Pakistan.Najjar (2012) investigated the relationship of corporate governance with firm performance by empirically examining this relationship of CG and firm performance in the insurance industry of the Behrain. In his study Naser Najjar (2012) used only Return on Equity as a measure of the financial performance. This study employs more financial performance measuring variables like Return on Assets, Market to Book ratios, and Price Earnings ratios by controlling firm size and the leverage ratio.Naser Najjar (2012) found a positive association between firm size and the performance of th e insurance companies suggesting that as the size increases the assets are more with the firms in the form of insurance policies and firms efficiently manage things to an ultimate gain. In their study Ming-Cheng Wu, Hsin-Chiang Lin, I-Cheng Lin, and Chun-Feng Lai found the positive relationship of firm size with the performance when measured by Return on Assets.Board size showed a negative relation in the past studies as in the study of Ming-Cheng Wu, Hsin-Chiang Lin, I-Cheng Lin, and Chun-Feng Lai; they found that board size is negatively associated with the firm performance due to the reason of board’s composition of inside as well as outside directors, and inside directors would have relatively high level of information regarding company’s internal affairs than outside directors and inside directors would work in their own interest and may confiscate the rights of shareholders and as the number of inside directors increases it makes the performance down.While anothe r study, Bacon (1973) gave a different opinion that larger board size positively affects the performance justifying in a way that larger board usually comes with a diversified background and qualifications which generates different viewpoints and hence increases quality of managerial decisions. One another very important way to control corporate bodies by reducing agency issues is to separate the CEO from Chairman (William et al. 2003).If these two characters are performed by a single individual, is known as CEO Duality. This situation if exists, reduces firm performance as there would be no one to â€Å"watch the watchers† (Zubaidah 2009). Independency of directors yet another variable to reduce confiscation of shareholders’ rights as independent directors would work in the best interest of the shareholders. The more the independent directors in the board, higher will be the performance of the firm (Zubaidah 2009).Upcoming sections are composed as; Next section review s the literature regarding the variables of corporate governance and performance measure. Then there comes the methodology section followed by the findings and results with conclusion at the end. Review of Literature Enormous studies empirically investigated the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance regarding various types of industries and across the world. Insurance industry is one of the financial sectors of any economy and it continuously gaining importance in Pakistan.Likewise, the issues of governing corporate bodies are raised during practices, the reason the study intends to check impact of corporate governance on the firm performance in the insurance industry of Pakistan. A number of studies used ROE and ROA as a measure of performance while checking for the impact of corporate governance on these variables. Naser Najjar (2012) found that there does not exist any significant association between CEO Duality as a measure of corporate governance and Re turn on Equity (ROE) as a performance measure.Masood Fooladi Chaghadari (2011) found negative relation between CEO Duality and firm performance which tells about the fact that if a single person acts as CEO and Chairman of the board it will reduce the performance of a firm. The study of Sanjai Bhagat & Brian Bolton (2007) also suggests the same results; the separation of CEO and Chairman of the board is positively and significantly associated to the firm performance. Anthony Kyereboah-Coleman (International Conference on Corporate Governance in Emerging Markets) in his study found that CEO duality has negatively relationship with the firm performance.Sanjai Bhagat & Brian Bolton (2007) found very interestingly the negative relationship of board independence with operating performance and made it relevant that with respect to the board independence which received corporate governance listing requirement from NYSE and NASDAQ. Masood Fooladi Chaghadari (2011) found negative relation of leverage with ROA and positive relation of the same variable with ROE. Anthony Kyereboah-Coleman (International Conference on Corporate Governance in Emerging Markets) also found negative relation of leverage with Return on Assets. Methodology I. Sample DataThe study initially undertook data of randomly selected 27 insurance companies of Pakistan from 2007-2011 making up 135 observations out of which 3 companies showed incomplete information due to which they were excluded from the study and 13 observations were missing in the data. The study then includes 107 observations. Data is collected from Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) and websites of insurance companies. Current study has used Pooled Ordinary Least Square (POLS) regression method to regress the data collected to fulfill the objective of measuring impact of corporate governance on firm performance. II.Models In order to measure the firm performance the current study uses 4 different measures viz. Return on Assets (ROA), Retur n on Equity (ROE), Market to Book ratio (MB ratio), and Price Earnings ratio (PE ratio) and variables Board Size (BS), Institutional Shareholding ratio (ISH ratio), CEO duality (CEOD) and Board Independence as corporate governance variables while Leverage ratio (LEV) and Firm Size (FS) are controlled and included in the models as follow:- Perf(ROA) jit = ? 0 + BS jit? 1 + ISH jit? 2 + CEODjit? 3 + IDjit? 4 + LEVjit? 5 + FSjit? 6 + ? Perf(ROE) jit = ? 0 + BSjit? 1 + ISHjit? 2 + CEODjit? + IDjit? 4 + LEVjit? 5 + FSjit? 6 + ? Perf(MB) jit = ? 0 + BSjit? 1 + ISHjit? 2 + CEODjit? 3 + IDjit? 4 + LEVjit? 5 + FSjit? 6 + ? Perf(PE)jit = ? 0 + BSjit? 1 + ISHjit? 2 + CEODjit? 3 + IDjit? 4 + LEVjit? 5 + FSjit? 6 + ? Where: Perfjit= Firm Performance measured by ROA, ROE, MB, and PE ratios form firm j, ith observation at time t. ?0= the intercept. BS = Board Size ISH = Institutional Shareholding CEOD = CEO Duality ID= Independent Directors LEV = Leverage Ratio FS = Firm Size ? = Stochastic distur bance term, and all the betas are coefficients of change rate in the variables against one unit increase.III. Variables Definition Table 1 AcronymVariable NameProxies Dependent Variables ROAReturn on AssetsProfit Before Tax/Total Assets ROEReturn on EquityEarnings Available to Stockholder/Total Equity MBMarket to Book ratioMarket price Per Share/Book value Per Share PEPrice Earnings ratioMarket price Per Share/Earning Per Share Independent Variables BSBoard SizeNumber of Directors in the Board of Directors ISHInstitutional ShareholdingPercentage shares held by Institutional Investors CEODCEO DualityDummy variable, equals to 1 if CEO and Chairman is the same person or 0 otherwise.IDIndependent DirectorsThe ratio of No. of Independent Directors/Total Number of Directors in the Board of Directors LEVLeverage ratioTotal Debt/Total Assets FSFirm SizeNatural Log of Total Assets Results Table 2 discusses the descriptive statistics of all the variables including dependent variables Return o n Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Market to Book ratio (MB), and Price Earnings ratio (PE). The mean value of PE 5. 134 is less as compared to the other dependent variables which denote the lower earnings gained by insurance companies as compared to the mean value of ROE which is 12. 91 which is almost double and depicts the picture that insurance companies earn more on equity. BS mean value 10. 654 shows that on average nearly 11 numbers of directors is part of the board having a standard deviation of 1. 108. On the average 40. 489% of all the issued share of an insurance company are held by institutional investors with a standard deviation of 6. 333%. The ratio of CEOD in the insurance industry of Pakistan is 0. 477 which expresses that on the average there are 47. 7% companies where CEO and Chairman is the same individual.The mean value of ID, 0. 425 tells about the average ratio of board independence in an insurance company in Pakistan. Leverage value of 0. 581 shows that on average an insurance company employs 58. 1% debt in the capital structure ratio. Table 2 Descriptive Statistics MeanMinimumMaximumStd. Deviation ROA9. 631-25. 63852. 78320. 035 ROE12. 791-53. 85989. 36936. 980 MB5. 1343. 427. 781. 456 PE10. 3428. 716. 62. 059 BS10. 6549121. 108 FS16. 72916. 17917. 2130. 288 ISH40. 48931. 23053. 9306. 333 CEOD0. 477010. 502 ID0. 4250. 2220. 6670. 091 LEV0. 5810. 3990. 6930. 073Table 3 models summary tells about the R-Square(s), Adjusted R-Square(s) and the Durbin-Watson values which tell about the fact that is there any auto-correlation problem? The calculated values for the models individually tell that there is not auto-correlation problem as all the values are in the range 1. 5-2. 5. Adjusted R-Square of model 4(PE) is largest 0. 897 which tells that all the covariates explain the model by 89. 7%, while the Adjusted R-Squared value of model 3 is smallest 0. 722 which explains about 72. 2% of the model. Table 3 Models Summary ModelRR SquareAdjus ted R SquareStd.Error of the EstimateDurbin-Watson 1 (ROA)0. 9370. 8770. 8707. 22601. 913 2 (ROE)0. 8620. 7430. 72819. 3001. 982 3 (MB)0. 8590. 7380. 7220. 7681. 907 4 (PE)0. 9500. 9020. 8970. 6622. 257 Table 4 tells about the individual significance of the four models used in the study. The F-value of model ROA is 119. 139 and p-value is 0. 000 which tells that the model is significant, while the F-value for model ROE is 48. 189 and p-value is 0. 000 which is significant. F-value of model MB is 48. 863 and p-value is 0. 000 which is again significant and the model PE is also significant as the p-value for that model is 0. 00. All the models are significant at 5% level of significance. Table 4 ANOVA Model Sum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig. 1 (ROA)Regression37325. 50766220. 918119. 1390. 000 Residual5221. 53310052. 215 Total42547. 040106 2 (ROE)Regression107706. 536617951. 08948. 1890. 000 Residual37250. 738100372. 507 Total144957. 274106 3 (MB)Regression165. 773627. 62946. 8630. 000 R esidual58. 9571000. 590 Total224. 730106 4 (PE)Regression405. 554667. 592154. 0760. 000 Residual43. 8701000. 439 Total449. 424106 Table 5 narrates the Pearson correlation coefficients for the model 1 where the dependent variable is ROA.Institutional Shareholding has the largest coefficient 0. 845 which means that it has a strong positive relationship with Return on Assets. Firm size also has significantly positive relation with the return on assets. Board size unexpectedly showed a very weak relationship with the return on assets, the coefficient is 0. 048. CEO duality is another case which has a weak positive relationship with ROA, the coefficient of CEOD and ROA is 0. 034. The empirical evidence shows that there is negative relation between firm size, institutional shareholding, leverage and board size either the relations among these variables are not strong.Leverage also have negative but near to zero relation to the firm size. Board independence (ID) is also negatively associat ed to the institutional shareholding. Table 5 Pearson Correlation ROABSFSISHCEODIDLEV ROA1 BS0. 0481 FS0. 556-0. 0451 ISH0. 845-0. 2130. 3911 CEOD0. 0340. 2140. 0360. 0921 ID0. 2360. 0750. 707-0. 097-0. 0301 LEV0. 441-0. 010-0. 0010. 425-0. 321-0. 1531 Table 6 discusses the regression coefficients when the dependent variable is ROA. The results show that all the coefficients are significant except the firm size and CEO duality.Firm size has negative relation with the return on assets which is consistent with the literature. CEOD has negative impact on the firm performance when it is measured by ROA; the results are not significant but support the literature. While, Board Size (BS), Institutional Shareholding (ISH), Independent Directors (ID), and Leverage has positive impact on firm performance. There is no multi-collinearity problem with the variables as suggested by the VIF values. Table 6 Coefficients ModelVariablesUnstandardized Coefficients Standardized CoefficientstSig.Colline arity Statistics BetaStd. ErrorBeta ToleranceVIF 1(Constant)-179. 18670. 247 -2. 5510. 012** BS4. 1100. 6870. 2275. 9850. 000*0. 8501. 176 FS-0. 8464. 625-0. 012-0. 1830. 8550. 2783. 595 ISH2. 8300. 1730. 89516. 4020. 000*0. 4132. 424 CEOD-2. 2511. 620-0. 056-1. 3900. 168***0. 7461. 341 ID71. 95713. 3210. 3275. 4020. 000*0. 3342. 993 LEV26. 02312. 1630. 0952. 1400. 035**0. 6201. 613 Dependent Variable: ROA. *, **, *** show 1%, 5% and 10% significance level respectively. Table 7 discusses the Pearson correlation coefficients now taking Return on Equity as dependent variable.Again consistent with the previous model, Institutional Shareholding has the largest coefficient which shows a strong relation of ISH with ROE. COED has the smallest coefficient but has positive association with the ROE. BS has negative relation with Firm size, ISH and Leverage which in line with the literature. Independent directors’ ratio is negatively associated to the ISH but has a weaker relationship. ID has also inverse relation with leverage and also has weak relation. Table 7 Pearson Correlations ROEBSFSISHCEODIDLEV ROE1 BS0. 0531 FS0. 485-0. 0451 ISH0. 739-0. 2130. 3911 CEOD0. 0190. 2140. 0360. 0921ID0. 2890. 0750. 707-0. 097-0. 0301 LEV0. 371-0. 010-0. 0010. 425-0. 321-0. 1531 The results of some of the variables are now different form the results of the previous model where dependent variable was ROA. In the table 8, the dependent variable is Return on Equity (ROE), the reason why leverage has become insignificant. Board size, Firm size, Institutional Shareholding, and Independent directors’ ratio are the statistically significant variables. While COED and Leverage are insignificant but both have positive impact on firm performance. The Institutional Shareholding has largest beta coefficient of 0. 20 which means every 1% increase in Institutional Shareholding will increase firm performance by 0. 920. CEOD has negative impact on firm performance which is consistent wi th the findings of Masood Fooladi Chaghadari (2011). VIF values depict the absence of multi-collinearity problem in the variables. Table 8 Coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized CoefficientstSig. Collinearity Statistics BetaStd. ErrorBeta ToleranceVIF 2(Constant)138. 509187. 627 0. 7380. 462 BS7. 1561. 8340. 2143. 9020. 000*0. 8501. 176 FS-31. 18112. 354-0. 243-2. 5240. 013**0. 2783. 595 ISH5. 3790. 4610. 92111. 6720. 00*0. 4132. 424 CEOD-5. 4804. 326-0. 074-1. 2670. 208***0. 7461. 341 ID218. 28535. 5810. 5386. 1350. 000*0. 3342. 993 LEV20. 27232. 4860. 0400. 6240. 5340. 6201. 613 Dependent Variable: ROE. *, **, *** show 1%, 5% and 10% significance level respectively. Consistent with previous models, Institutional shareholding ratio has largest coefficient which strong relationship with firm performance. Board size, CEO duality and independent directors’ ratio found to have negative but weak relation with firm performance in this model. Independent direct ors’ ratio has negative association with Institutional shareholding.Independent directors’ ratio is negatively associated to the leverage ratio also. Firm size has strong positive relation with independent directors’ ratio; the correlation coefficient between these two variables is 0. 770. Table 9 Correlations MBBSFSISHCEODIDLEV MB1 BS-0. 0411 FS0. 005-0. 0451 ISH0. 624-0. 2130. 3911 CEOD-0. 2240. 2140. 0360. 0921 ID-0. 0310. 0750. 770-0. 097-0. 0301 LEV0. 375-0. 010-0. 0010. 425-0. 321-0. 1531 In Table 10 dependent variable is Market to Book ratio. In this model Firm Size (FS), COE Duality and Leverage have negative but significant impact on firm performance.Variables Board Size, Institutional Shareholding and Independent Directors’ ratio have positive and significant impact on firm performance. Negative coefficient of FS -0. 927 means every unit increase in firm size will lead to -0. 927 times decrease in firm performance. The results are consistent wit h the previous literature. VIF statistics show that there is no multi-collinearity problem. Table 10 Coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized CoefficientstSig. Collinearity Statistics BetaStd. ErrorBeta ToleranceVIF 3(Constant)67. 2377. 464 9. 0080. 000* BS0. 2590. 0730. 1973. 5540. 001*0. 501. 176 FS-4. 6920. 491-0. 927-9. 5470. 000*0. 2783. 595 ISH0. 2740. 0181. 19014. 9240. 000*0. 4132. 424 CEOD-1. 0680. 172-0. 368-6. 2070. 000*0. 7461. 341 ID11. 0621. 4160. 6927. 8140. 000*0. 3342. 993 LEV-2. 8151. 292-0. 142-2. 1790. 032**0. 6201. 613 Dependent Variable: MB. *, **, *** show 1%, 5% and 10% significance level respectively. In table 11, dependent variable is Price Earnings ratio and it shows the Pearson Correlation coefficients. Inconsistent with the previous models, Institutional Shareholding has negative and strong relationship with Price Earnings (a measure of firm performance).In this model Leverage also has strong negative relationship with firm performance . Firm Size, ISH, and LEV are negatively associated with Board Size. But only the leverage has negative relation with Firm size, CEO duality and Independent Directors’ ratio. Independent Directors’ ratio has strongly positive relationship of 0. 707 with Firm size. Table 11 Pearson Correlations PEBSFSISHCEODIDLEV PE1 BS0. 0531 FS0. 406-0. 0451 ISH-0. 582-0. 2130. 3911 CEOD-0. 1050. 2140. 0360. 0921. 0 ID0. 6680. 0750. 707-0. 097-0. 0301 LEV-0. 575-0. 010-0. 0010. 425-0. 321-0. 1531In table 12 all the independent variables are significant except for Board Size, the only variable which is insignificant but is negatively associated to the firm performance. This is also consistent with previous literature. Values of VIF tell about the absence of multi-collinearity in the variables. Table 12 Coefficients ModelUnstandardized CoefficientsStandardized CoefficientstSig. Collinearity Statistics BetaStd. ErrorBeta ToleranceVIF 4(Constant)-38. 3486. 439 -5. 9560. 000* BS-0. 0720. 0 63-0. 039-1. 1460. 2550. 8501. 176 FS3. 6760. 4240. 5148. 6700. 000*0. 2783. 595 ISH-0. 2000. 016-0. 615-12. 6330. 00*0. 4132. 424 CEOD-0. 6570. 148-0. 160-4. 4250. 000*0. 7461. 341 ID4. 3461. 2210. 1923. 5590. 001**0. 3342. 993 LEV-9. 4391. 115-0. 336-8. 4670. 000*0. 6201. 613 Dependent Variable: PE. *, **, *** show 1%, 5% and 10% significance level respectively. Conclusion Corporate governance plays a pivotal role in the performance of Insurance Companies. There are different statutory bodies in different countries which control and ensure the best practices in the corporations like in Pakistan Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan is responsible for monitoring and controlling such practices in the corporations.This study finds that Board Size (BS), Institutional Shareholding (ISH) and Independent Directors’ ratio have positive and significant impact on corporate governance. The reasons are if Board size is large, the board has members having diverse background, mo re viewpoints, and competitive and experienced individuals which lead towards right decision making and towards better performance as compared to the industry norms. Institutional investors have more interest in the investment and management skills which adds to the performance of the firm.The more the Independent Directors in the board, the more the transparency and integrity which ultimately leads towards enhanced performance. CEO duality have negative impact on the firm performance due to reason that inefficiencies and mismanagement in the operations is not watched by any independent person which make the performance of the company worse. The study also finds that Firm Size and Leverage also have negative impact on firm performance. As the size of the firm increases due to the reason of diseconomies of scale it puts worse impact on the financial performance of the firm.For the future research, scholars may increase the sample size to get more generalized results and there should be included more corporate governance variables like family ownership, concentration, directors’ remuneration and many others. References Najjar, Naser (2012). â€Å"The Impact of Corporate Governance on the Insurance Firm’s Performance in Bahrain†. International Journal of Learning & Development ISSN 2164-4063 2012, Vol. 2, No. 2 Zubaidah Z. A. , Kamaruzaman J. and Nurmala M. K. (2009). Board structure and corporate performance in Malaysia.International Journal of Economic and Finance 1(1): 150-164. Williams S. M. and Ho C. A. (2003). International Comparative Analysis of the Association between Board Structure and the efficiency of Value Added by a Firm from its Physical Capital and Intellectual Capital Resources. The International Journal of Accounting 38(4):465-491. Ming-Cheng Wu, Hsin-Chiang Lin, I-Cheng Lin, Chun-Feng Lai. â€Å"The Effects of Corporate Governance on Firm Performance†. Chaghadari, Masood Fooladi (2011). â€Å"Corporate Governance a nd FirmPerformance† 2011 International Conference on Sociality and Economics Development IPEDR vol. 10 (2011)  © (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore Bhagat, Sanjai and Bolton, Brian (2007). â€Å"Corporate Governance And Firm Performance†. Kajola, Sunday O (2008). â€Å"Corporate Governance and Firm Performance: The Case of Nigerian Listed Firms†. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science ISSN 1450-2275 Issue 14 (2008) D. N. Ranasinghe (2010). â€Å"Composition and Configuration of the Board and Firm Performance in Financial Services Industry in Sri Lanka†. DSM Business Review v Vol. , No. 2 (December, 2010) Anthony Kyereboah-Coleman (2007). â€Å"CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND FIRM PERFORMANCE IN AFRICA: A DYNAMIC PANEL DATA ANALYSIS†. International Conference on Corporate Governance in Emerging Markets. 15th -17th November, 2007, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey Shaheen, Rozina and Nishat, Dr. Mohammed. â€Å"Corporate Governan ce and Firm Performance- An Exploratory Analysis†. Nittayagasetwat, Aekkachai and Nittayagasetwat, Wiyada (2009) â€Å"Empirical Analysis of Corporate Governance: The Impact on Firm Performance: The Case of Thailand†. Patibandla, Murali (2001). Equity Pattern, Corporate Governance and Performance: A Study of India’s Corporate Sector†. J. Bacon (1973). â€Å"Corporate directorship practice, member and committees of the board†. New York: The conference board. Sanjai Bhagat, Brian Bolton (2008). â€Å"Corporate governance and firm performance†. Journal of Corporate Finance 14 (2008) 257–273 Alon Brav, Wei Jiang, Frank Partnoy, Randall Thomas (2006). â€Å"Hedge Fund Activism, Corporate Governance, and Firm Performance†. Malik, Hifza (2011). â€Å"DETERMINANTS OF INSURANCE COMPANIES PROFITABILITY: AN ANALYSIS OF INSURANCE SECTOR OF PAKISTAN†.Volume 1, Issue 3, November 201 Naveed Ahmed, Zulfqar Ahmed, Ahmad Usman (2011). †Å"Determinants of Performance: A Case of Life Insurance Sector of Pakistan†. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 61 (2011). Al-Shami, Hamdan Ahmad (2008). â€Å"Determinants of Insurance companies’ profitability in UAE†. Narjess Boubakri, Jean-Claude Cosset, and Omrane Guedhami (2001). â€Å"Liberalization, Corporate Governance, and the Performance of Newly Privatized Firm†. William Davidson Institute Working Paper 419 Stuart Kells and Mark Rogers (1997). Executive remuneration, board structure, corporate strategy and firm performance: A taste of the literature†. ISSN 1328-4991, ISBN 0 7325 0955 6 Kader Sahin, Cigdem Sahin Basfirinci2 and Aygun Ozsalih (2011). â€Å"The impact of board composition on corporate financial and social responsibility performance: Evidence from public-listed companies in Turkey†. African Journal of Business Management Vol. 5 (7), pp. 2959-2978, 4 April, 2011 Farshid Navissi a nd Vic Naiker (2006). â€Å"Institutional ownership and corporate value†. Managerial Finance Vol. 32 No. 3, 2006 pp. 247-256 John E. Core, Robert W.Holthausen*, David F. Larcker (1999). â€Å"Corporate governance, chief executive officer compensation, and firm performance†. Journal of Financial Economics 51 (1999) 371? 406 Dong-Sung Cho* and Jootae Kim (2007). â€Å"Outside Directors, Ownership Structure and Firm Profitability in Korea†. Volume 15 Number 2 March 2007 Victoria Wise, Muhammad Mahboob Ali (2009). â€Å"Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility in Bangladesh with special reference to Commercial Banks†. Working Paper No. AIUB-BUS-ECON-2009-0 Gujrati, Damodar N. & Porter, Dawn C. â€Å"Basic Econometrics†. 5th Edition McGraw-Hill

7 jobs that are incredibly underpaidÂÂ

7 jobs that are incredibly underpaid   We live in a world where not all jobs- or salaries- are created equal. While some jobs are glamorous and come with equally glamorous paychecks, others offer more humble salaries- and some of them just might surprise you. According to a recent article on Glassdoor.com, the average American worker is underpaid by approximately $7,500- this translates to salaries that are roughly 13% less than their potential market values. This is attributable to a variety of factors, from job market conditions and supply vs. demand of available talent to the tendency of some new employees to not negotiate for higher salaries when starting new jobs.Let’s take a closer look at 7 jobs that are incredibly underpaid, often despite having very important responsibilities.1. Medical assistantMedical assistants work directly under the guidance of doctors and nurses, and have a host of important responsibilities including maintaining medical records, prepping patients for exams, and administering medicat ions. That said, they don’t typically command large salaries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for medical assistants is $32,850.2. Web developerIf you’re looking to break into the web developer profession, you may find a wealth of opportunities across industries, and even across borders as international projects abound. That said, the growing supply of talented web developers both around the United States and abroad has adversely impacted salaries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for web developers is $72,150.3. Social workerSocial workers are typically dedicated and qualified individuals who provide important support services to populations in need. Despite being a rewarding and commendable profession, the average social worker is not earning a huge payday. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for social workers is approximately $59,410.4. Licensed practical nurse (LPN) Nurses are incredibly important professionals who handle a wide array of critical tasks in a variety of healthcare settings, and are essential personnel for handling patient needs. That said, they typically make far less than their colleagues who are doctors or registered nurses (RNs). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for LPNs is $44,840.5. Pharmacy technicianWhen you’re purchasing prescription medications at your local pharmacy, you’re likely to encounter a pharmacy tech at the front lines. These workers mix, measure, count out, and label medications as well as interact directly with customers. However, pharmacy techs don’t command the same salaries as the pharmacists they work beside. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for pharmacy techs is $32,170.6. Veterinary technicianWhen your pet needs a checkup or isn’t feeling well, you can count on a vet tech to help you out when you first arrive at the veterinarian’s office. They’re responsible for a host of things that help keep veterinarian practices running smoothly, including performing medical tests, preparing serums and vaccines, taking and preparing samples, and maintaining charts and medical equipment. Vet techs likely aren’t in the field to get rich quick; the mean average wage according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics is $33,870.7. Emergency medical technician (EMT)Few can argue about the importance of EMTs- when an accident or medical emergency occurs, they are often the first on the scene, and assess injuries, administer aid, and transport individuals to hospitals and medical facilities. Despite their incredible importance in saving lives, they just don’t command big salaries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for EMTs is $36,110.As you can see, not all employees are compensated equally. The 7 jobs listed here may offer professional fulfillment and satisfaction, depending on one’s job-related goals, but they will probably not set you on a road to riches. If you’re on the hunt for a new job and salary is a big factor for you, use this information to help guide you towards- and away- from certain positions.

FTAA and its effects on latin america Research Proposal

FTAA and its effects on latin america - Research Proposal Example A growing world economy will also enhance our domestic prosperity. (Hakim )Free trade and increased economic integration are key factors for raising standards of living, improving the working conditions of people in the Americas and better protecting the environment." This paper seeks to discuss the negative effect that the FTAA would have on Latin American countries. Although the FTAA agreement was meant to be in force by the 1st January 2005 by the time senior American and Brazilian officials met in Switzerland to try to breathe fresh life into the deal the talks had been stalled for more than a year and the deadline had already been missed.The United States and Brazil are co-chairs of the FTAA negotiations but have had vastly different views of what the final agreement should look like. There has been very little consensus among the participating countries about either the timing or the scope of the FTAA. The United States, along with 12 other nations (those with which the United States either already has or is negotiating bilateral trade deals), is pushing for the completion of an "ambitious" and far-reaching accord on schedule for implementation by 2005. The countries of the Mercosur, the South American common market led by Brazil and Argentina, on the other hand, are advocating a "possible" FTAA, with drastically scaled-back goals. (FTAA)Venezuela and many Caribbean countries have also expressed misgivings about the timing of the negotiations and their scope. (Hakim) For the time being the final workable form of the FTAA remains to be thrashed out at the negotiating table. Will further the effects that NAFTA had on American jobs. Companies are lured progressively south in search of cheaper wages. Companies who have not moved abroad are closing plants because they cannot compete with cheaper imports. Governments

A critical theoretical and visual analysis of my experience of work Essay

A critical theoretical and visual analysis of my experience of work - Essay Example During my work experience I had faced situations where my favorite project was cancelled though I worked very hard on it, also there were times where the customers treated me badly though it was totally unfair, my best friend at work was terminated, my colleagues were being unfair towards me and also my boss use to shout at me although I was really working hard. All these things pile up and you feel like shouting at the top of your voice or probably run away from your work. At work showing your emotions especially negative emotions can seriously harm your professional reputation along with the productivity. Stressful situations are very common at workplace where we have to deal with budget cuts along with department changes. It becomes very hard to deal with your own emotions in such circumstances. There is a lot of work load along with a constant push of getting promoted and becoming more efficient. It was very important to know how to handle your emotions in such circumstances. It is important to know how to react in bad situations. It is important to always share positive emotions, both ways constructively and also professionally. It is very important to have that in a workplace.... It is important at work to avoid anxiety and worry. I made a worry log where I would write down all the worries which churn my head and then tried finding solutions to the problems. Physical relaxation plays an important role here with proper risk analysis. Anger is another important factor which is very obvious in the picture, anger management is very crucial at work in order to achieve success, we need to properly deal with unfair criticism. It is very important to be respectful towards others and also to be assertive if the other person is rude and unprofessional. Disappointment can be dealt positively by keeping a proper check at one’s mindset and to adjust the goals properly. My work experience taught me that smile is a very important and also a very crucial factor which helps in solving many problems. We all have to deal with negative emotions and we have to learn how to cope up with them as it is very important. It is crucial to know what type of feelings cause such emo tions and also how you can deal with them before they become very prominent. The other picture I have selected is depicting the importance of team work in an organization and how a good team can make work experience a very memorable one and amazing, and a bad team can sabotage the experience and also affect your performance negatively. Now there are few things which are important to analyze before going for team work that includes why the team is developed, what can make teamwork successful, group dynamics overview along with encouraging positive and productive groups. The picture is showing why the team is made and how various individuals with similar

Family & Parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family & Parenting - Essay Example Applied to humans, emotions and the attachment relationships are sought more than biological needs. Meredith Small reports that mothers are biologically predisposed to care for their infants. Nine long months in the womb, the fetus affects the mother and its dependence on her likewise affects her. For example, a stressed mother can hinder the normal brain processes of brain masculinization of her unborn child. T. Berry Brazelton, a prominent child psychologist claims, in a good interaction mother and baby synchronize with each other from the beginning, and that the pathways may be set up in intrauterine life ready to be entrained, especially by the mothers, immediately after birth" I agree with Harriet Smith when she claims that whatever the biological forces, parenting style is more influenced by other factors. Inexperienced mothers may not necessarily know how to care for their newborn infants automatically, but can learn it from observation of other mothers caring for their young. This gives hope to parents who doubt their parenting skills as inadequate. Cases of adoptive mothers or caregivers other than the birth mother developing an attachment to the infant are widespread. It just proves that an infant may be responsive to, and form attachments to persons who provide him with all his needs. Biological connections between mother and child if present at birth may or may not be sustained. If mothers and infants are physically distanced, then this connection is disrupted. A child’s well-being is dependent on secure attachments combined with basic competencies in parenting like reading a baby’s signals for food, comfort, need to be held or worse, need for medical intervention. Biological studies indicate that when human babies are born, their brains are underdeveloped, hence are â€Å"born highly dependent and inconstant need of care.† Unlike other mammals like horses

Social Norm Violation.Entering one’s Apartment without Knocking Essay Example for Free

Social Norm Violation.Entering one’s Apartment without Knocking Essay Social Norm Violation.Entering one’s Apartment without Knocking Introduction Barkow, (1978) defined social norms as behaviours that the society expects from its habits. Therefore, when people demonstrate these social norms in the public, the society observes them with satisfaction and acceptance. Consequently, when the social norms are violated or confused, people react strangely or become annoyed. For the social norm violation assignment, I had a pool of ideas, walking on the wrong side of the footpath, reading in the elevator, eating sloppily and so on. However, my desire was to violate a norm that will make me act in the most casual way. However, for this assignment, I decided to violate the social norm of entering into people’s apartment without seeking their welcome or without knocking at their doors. Typically, in my society people knock at the door and waits patiently for a response from the owners of the apartment. Ideally, one will wait until someone responds â€Å"come inn† before stepping inside the apartment. Therefore, I made up my mind and entered the apartment without knocking. Besides, I decided to act comfortably like the residents or tenants of the apartments that I could make myself at home. So, to make sure that I could not be accused of trespass or entering someone’s home as a stranger, I decided to ask my friend Daniel to keep me company. Previously, I had visited his apartment on one occasion with another classmate for a dinner. At this moment, it was obvious that I was not a frequent visitor of the apartment to comfortably feel at home or walk in without knocking at the door. When I decided to implement my experiment for the anthropology class, I decided to take to his apartment. As I approached his door, I was a little bit shaken of what will transpire once I was in the house. Furthermore, his blinds were shut and, therefore, it was difficult to predict whether he was at home or I would find Sam, his friend whom they stay with. After a standstill outside on the door for a couple of minutes, I managed to summon adequate courage and finally entered.My experience when I entered was astonishing. Immediately after I stepped inside the house, the room went on a silent mode. It seemed that his family members were in the middle of delicate or confidential information and had no signs of continuing in my intruding or presence. I had kept for a couple of seconds before I inquired if Daniel was home. Luckily, he was in the backyard sorting some staff. One of his family members rushed to get him as I remained seated with the rest of his family members. Notably, they still wore a shocking look on their faces because I kept myself at home by comfortably getting seated on the pew. Honestly, they appeared quite annoyed as I could observe from the experience reflection point of view (Holy Stuchlik, 2006). When Daniel approached, I had already prepared a question to ask him and depart the awkward apartment. Throughout the experiment, my experience remained awkward, and I remained ashamed of my act. In truth, I was idealess that violation of such a small societal norm of knocking before entering to one’s apartment could severely upset people or the inhabitants. However, I was confident because my friend Daniel was well aware of my intentions. Later in the evening, I called him and requested him to explain to his family members that it was a course experiment for my university studies. I hope he explained the situation to and the information for this assignment to his family members so that my reputation can be rehabilitated in their minds and salvaged.At the end of the experiment, I realized that people get terribly annoyed, confused and even show their anger if you enter their apartment without their knowledge, a sentiment equally observed by Hamnett, (2007). Even though I felt weird breaking the social norm, I concluded that my weird feelings represented all that was happening t han the specific act of violating the norm. I have to confess that it was not enjoyable at first, but it did assist me realize how people in my society value the protection of their social norms. It is something I would never attempt to do by choice, and if I spot someone doing the act, I will feel so weird and disappointed in him or her. Conclusion It is comparative to mention that the experience of violating the social norm through entering into Daniel’s apartment without knocking was uncomfortable and embarrassing. However, I enjoyed the experience after the family members of the apartment salvaged my reputation. When I went back on a normal visit, we revisited our experiences with lots of fun. Honestly, I later learned that the experiment was enjoyable. It is interesting norm in my society that is well safeguarded for ethical purposes in the society. Overall, it was a virtuous experience, planning it made me anxious and nervous but once I implemented it I gained the experience. References Barkow, J. H. (January 01, 1978). Social norms, the self, and sociobiology: Building on the ideas of A. I. Hallowell. Current Anthropology.Hamnett, I. (2007). Social anthropology and law. London: Academic Press. Holy, L., Stuchlik, M. (January 01, 2006). Anthropological data and social reality. Anthropology in Theory : Issues in Epistemology. Source document

Conscription Campaigns in Australia: WW1

Conscription Campaigns in Australia: WW1 Can the Australia governments conscription during World War I be considered a public relations campaign? Why or why not? What specific â€Å"strategies† were used to encourage the Australian community to support (or not) conscription? Refer to relevant public relations theories in your response. In your response you will need to consider the notion of a public relations campaign. Compare your understanding of a public relations campaign to similar events. Compare this in terms of the historical development of public relations at that time. Public relation and the is the art of winning people’s hearts so it is very important for us to fully understanding it by using the relevant examples from the past because it is much easier for us to analyze these samples’ challenges , achievements and methods in order to apply into the current situation. By this action we can minimize not only the costs which can be incurred but also the risks of failure which we might dealing with. So let’s moving on to the question about the Australian Government’s conscription during the World War I. Personally, I think it is a public relation campaign because the definition of an campaign is an â€Å" organized activity or operation designed to attain a political, social or commercial goal†(Bobbit and Sullivan, 2005, p.32). Hence, a public relations campaign, according to Kendall, are considered as a â€Å"â€Å"concerted effort of an organization to build socially responsible relationships by achieving research-based goals through the application of communication strategies and the measurement of outcomes†. Let’s take a closer look at some keywords such as : â€Å"organized activity†, â€Å"political goal†, â€Å"build socially responsible relationship†, â€Å"application of communication strategies â€Å" and â€Å"the measurement of outcomes† and think about conscription of Australian Government’s in World War I or more specifically under the lead of Billy Hughes- The Prime Minister. First of all, we can see here this conscription is and â€Å"organized activity† which require a lot of preparation for Yes vote and in more particularly, Mark Sheehan( 2007) states that:† the campaign to persuade voters went beyond the methods used in recruiting†. In addition, this campaign served a â€Å"political goal â€Å"which is the need to win the war or in other word to extend conscription so that men could be sent to reinforce the front line in Europe to serve for the World War I. Thirdly, this campaign is trying to â€Å"build socially responsible relationship† by called ‘shirkers’ and ‘traitors’ to many eligible men over the age of 21 by using posters and speeches in order to persuade targeted men ‘eligible’ to enlist. Finally, it is the â€Å"application of communication strategies† because of using â€Å"theatr es, cinema, town halls, sporting events and even beaches† in the campaign in 1917 and this is noted by Carlyon (p.525) and it also failed in two referendums-which is a â€Å"measurement of outcome†. These are the proofs that the conscription occurred in World War I is a public relations campaign. But the question here is why it is failed in considered about the strategies of Yes- voters, the length of campaign, the target public and so on†¦ To answer this question we need to go through a bit about history Let’s first start with the definition of conscription which â€Å"is compulsory enlistment in the armed forces†. This means that it is compulsory with every men in the age bracket. In 1916, Australia had that conscription but it maintain inside Australian territory and that’s why Billy Hughes’ public relation campaign start in order to extend conscription so that men could be sent to reinforce the front line in Europe. And this is where the battle of voting started for overseas military service that split the community. Secondly, I want to talk briefly about the anti- conscription with we might call the No campaign of the labor movement and the member was in the Labor Party due to the threat to the white Australian working man. And Hughes’ pro-war enthusiasm made him into deep conflict with the Queensland Australian Labor Party Premier, T. J. Ryan. Therefore, Ryan did everything in his abilities to defeat conscription. Thirdly, let’s moving on the for- conscription which we called the Yes vote, in this part we will discuss the strategies and also some of important points of this campaign. About the member, this campaign was strongly supported by the business community who were the benefiter substantially from the introduction of conscription as suppliers of arms, uniforms and equipment, and by those who saw loyalty to God and Empire as paramount. By using not only propaganda and dissemination of information but also the sophisticated two-way asymmetric activity of opinion leaders- Billy Hughes was successful in create public opinion in the conscription in World War I. Cameron et al (2007, p.175) stated that opinion leaders frequently act as catalysts in the formation of public opinion by using mass media to make opinion flows from these leaders to the public. The theory in this campaign is media- dependency theory which is people who know little about the subject need to depend on mass media for their source of information and opinions. In addition, there are two ways of thinking ( yes and no for conscription) which is framing theory because of journalists and public relation personnel support a specific feature of a issue. The strategies of this campaign can be summaries as followed: Creating Government supported grass-root groups in each state (Robson 1970, p.99) in order to make it easier for opinion leaders to persuade the voters of the value of offering up their sons or husbands in what they thought â€Å"the most noble of fights†. Prime Minister Billy Hughes indicated in 1916 â€Å"cabled all mayors and shire presidents throughout the Commonwealth asking to take immediate steps to develop vigorous local organizations† (Robson 1970, p.106). And Hughes a strong network with the Premier of New South Wales, a former Prime Minister, and the Anglican Primate of Australia and the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney (Carlyon 2006, p.268). In addition, Dame Nellie Melba sang at events organized to support for the Yes vote and influence women (Robson 1970, p.107). The â€Å"mainstream press, city and country† (Carlyon 2006, p258) also supported under Hughes’s call for Yes –vote in conscription campaign. Understood that soldiers at the front were a vital vote for this campaign, Hughes developed a Soldier’s Manifesto and sought wide distribution a month before the referendum. For this task he relied on war correspondent Keith Murdoch. Through his network in the military Murdoch arranged delivery of the Manifesto for each soldier and also distribution to the British press. Moreover, he also organized meetings of soldiers which would carry resolutions asking the voters at home to vote yes. Despite the Prime Minister’s efforts the vote of the serving soldiers was uncertain. In a second attempt in 1917 , Hughes broadened the use of persuasive tactics and pointed out Claude McKay, a former journalist and writer, to work on the promotion of the campaign by taking place on the back of other events and to that extent caught the public unaware and unprepared to debate or question the organizers. And in this time, every mass media are used but it still lead to a failure for Hughes and Yes –voters which is quite narrowly 49 percent over 51 percent. So in summary, from 1916 to 1917, Hughes created 2 referendums which is voting for extend conscription from within Australia territory to Western Front Line for the call of England in World War 1 but both two times he failed closely although he tried really hard in term of public relations campaign by the using of two way information and mass media. Imagine that the Australian government wants to re-introduce conscription in 2013. You can choose to take the pro-conscription view (and support the government) or the anti-conscription view. How would you implement a campaign given your understanding of public relations theory, its role, and society today? You will need to break down the campaign into elements (such as goal, target public, strategies and evaluation). Demonstrate how these elements would be realized in 2013. Strategies need to be realistic, achievable and theoretically sound, determined through appropriate research. You can use the same strategies as the historical campaign, if you think it is relevant. Or you can come up with your own ideas. Dont worry about budget, imagine money is no object. If I’m leader of the pro-conscription view I will think about the moves of Billy Hughes in the old times and analysis these moves then based on these background I will update it because remembering that two referendums were closed with very narrow results 49 percent over 51 percent in the first time and the second time with a slightly bigger gap. So in my opinion, these results reflect a good trend but not right methods which need to improve by using some of the public relations theories and persuasion plus mass media effect in modern life. That’s why some of the commentators while trying to explain the failure of Billy Hughes stated that it might be the issues of providing a focus for a lot of different points of view about the war. In particular, there were some people opposed the war while others were opposed to conscription as a principle. And because at that time, the economy was in bad shape therefore others were saying that they were hurt by the economic situatio n hence the World War I, and so on.Consequently, public opinions are diverting in too many ways which are hard to unite because people were not, but they all agreed on the conscription question, and the issue gave them all a chance to express their opposition. In 1917 in an attempt, Hughes held another vote on the conscription and in this time he actually had a majority in both Houses of Parliament, and did not need the vote but because of his desire, he want to give the people another chance to overcome what he called as their great mistake in rejecting conscription the previous year a chance to correct themselves. But in controversy, the campaign was again fall in the wrong way of his thought, and conscription was again defeated, this time by a slightly larger margin. So in this time we need to work out again about the theory of publicity’s opinions and the method in order to improve the result. So let’s start with goal and target public and I think it probably the same with the old time which will be more than 51 percent voting in the referendum by using these target public such as followed. Firstly, the business man who support for the conscription and benefit because of the war, they can be weapon companies and related industries or people who faithful with British Government, Australian Government or Catholic Church. The reason why we need to target these groups because this group is what we called the ground which we can build a pyramid on that, these groups will contribute the money and the enthusiasm to do anything to support for the conscription. The second part of public which we need to target is the Australian women who might be the mothers, wives, girlfriends, sisters, and daughters of the listed soldiers which can support or anti our votes. About the importance of women in this context , we need to remind a bit about history with the withdrawal of about h alf a million men in 1916, and more clearly man is in crisis of going to work because of their direct replacement by women which will be happen if we have a conscription currently. Finally, there is one target who Billy Hughes were targeted but were not succeed and this is soldiers or most importantly the up front-soldiers who are fighting. Because these man can be described as â€Å"role model† which are called â€Å"informal opinion leaders†. According to Wilcox, â€Å"informal opinion leaders† are those â€Å"who have clout with peers because of some special characteristic. They may be role models who are admired and emulated or opinion leaders who can exert peer pressure on others to go along with something. In general, informal opinion leaders exert considerable influence on their peer groups by being highly informed, articulate, and credible on particular issues. â€Å"Consequently, in this case, if we want to recruit more soldiers who are enlisted, we n eed to create a â€Å"role model† which everyone must know, want to know, inspired by his/her. If we can do that the morale of the soldiers who are already enlisted or thought about enlisting will be very high which will befit for our public relations campaign not like Billy Hughes’s campaign. In the methods section, I think we need to base on the old times method because basically they are not on the wrong tracks but sharpen it by using mass media and remember technology in the modern life. In addition , keeping in mind that when we using mass media effects , we need to care about some theories of it which are agenda- setting theory, framing theory and lastly but also most importantly conflict theory. Let’s start which the definition of mass media effects: â€Å"traditional media, implies that information from a public relations source can be efficiently and rapidly disseminated to literally millions of people.†(Wilcox, 2013).Hence, a detailed recent research carried by professors and students at University of Technology in Sydney (UTS) showed that 55 percentage of the stories in leading Australian dailies come from what we called public relation sources. Therefore, the importance of mass media with public relation is undeniable with the appearance of public relations people who uses mass media to become major players in forming public opinion because of their â€Å"hot news† which are coming in the first compare to others. Understanding the importance of mass media is easy but how to use mass media require an understanding of theories which started by agenda- setting theory that is defined by Klapper as limited-effects model of mass media, media content sets the agenda for public discussion, and he stated that† mass medial ordinarily does not serve as a necessary and sufficient cause for audience effects, but rather functions among and through a nexus of mediating factors and influence.† Therefore, in the theme of this theory, we need to have a public relations campaign which not only setting the time for people to come back and follow but also can convey the set of attributes about conscription by using mass media day by day which leading to impact what audiences think about, according to Patricia Curtin, Qi Qiu an d Spiro Khiousis. Thirdly, framing theory is a theory which related to journalist and how they â€Å"frame† the story by choosing the particular facts, themes, solutions or others features†¦ And by that, journalists can create a different point of views for targeted public. That’s why political science Professors Shanto Iyengar an Donal Kinder note how â€Å"public relations professional working for political campaigns seek to emphasize consideration that will help voters decide in their favor, often enlisted the expertise of a popular leader, and to downplay the considerations that will hurt their cause or candidate.† In this case, we can use journalists to protect our side by framing conscription as good deed while the cause effects at unavoidable or fair price which we need to pay. Finally, the conflict is about disagreement between two or more individuals, groups, organizations, or communities because of the gap in interests. As the result, conflict theory is â€Å"research about differences among individuals or groups and explains conflicting interests, goals, values, or desires. Public opinion often reflects such different, or even conflicting, views, attitudes, and behaviors.† At this point , we can see how importance the conflict theory is, keep in mind that it what Billy Hughes missed, the united of public opinions because of lacking of researches at those time which we can do it easily by using technology such as Facebook, debating on YouTube, television or mass media. By unify so many differences or in other word diversities of the public, we can create an enthusiasm â€Å"army† to support for our vote. About the evaluation, because of the development of technology, it is quite easy now for us to know whether we do the right thing by using poll. Poll can use likely everywhere on the internet (for example Facebook, YouTube, or other social networks like twitters, if the websites don’t have we can use the like button to estimate it or number of views could be a good indicator) , in the subway, shopping mall or other common places by using the face to face methods .Remember that we can use the mass media to know how much attention we could draw. References: Dennis L. Wilcox