Social Research Marriage Institution

Question: Examine about theSocial Research for Marriage Institution. Answer: Presentation assumes a huge job in conferring the psycho-social cosmetics of kids. The nuclear family is ordinarily a wellspring of social, financial and enthusiastic security (Ahiaoma, 2013: 162). Shakiness in a family establishment fundamentally influences different encompassing Microsystems and this outcome to negative effects. Parental partition and resulting divorce don't just prompt negative results for the gatherings in question yet additionally legitimately influence youngsters. Thusly, impacts of partition will in general affect a kid's conduct, mental modification, scholastic execution, confidence and social capacity (Turney and Haskins, 2014: 245). These impacts might be long haul where they endure through the pre-adult stage to adulthood. Parental detachment and separations have constantly expanded in many pieces of the world. In this regard, this paper tries to talk about the impacts of detachment on understudies confidence and their view of future sentimental connections. Kids/young people who grow up under the consideration of the two guardians have preferences, for example, growing high confidence, forbearance of unsafe conduct and improvement of sound relational connections (Murray, Farrington, and Sekol, 2012: 175). On the other hand, kids/teenagers who experience impacts of partition or separation will in general have low regard, challenges in creating relational connections and are probably going to participate in reprobate conduct. School going kids endure colossal confidence which influences their presentation and general prosperity (Fine and Harvey, 2013). Social help impacts an understudy's confidence the individual in question gets first from the guardians than from those near the understudies inside the school condition including the colleagues, instructors, and companions (Fine and Harvey, 2013). Confidence is, in this manner, a component of self-idea that joins passionate, social parts of character and the intellectual (Turney and Haskin s, 2014: 249). Insufficient or absence of social help may bring about pressure and sadness among the understudies. Here and there when guardians are associated with detachments, they will in general include youngsters who endure the desperate outcomes of the partition. Understudies who end up at the focal point of isolated families may not get satisfactory acknowledgment by their friends, instructors and the general public (Murray, Farrington, and Sekol, 2012: 175). This is improbable in understudies raised in double guardians family unit. The unsatisfactory quality and absence of acknowledgment result to low confidence. Low-confidence among understudies may adversely influence them and impact their commitment in practices, for example, tranquilize use and misuse, indiscipline cases or in any event, having self-destructive emotions (Murray, Farrington, and Sekol, 2012: 175). Fundamentally, detachment of guardians may prompt disregard of youngsters or loss of kids care. Therefore, understudies who are survivors of family division experience an absence of monetary and good help from their folks. Th ese encounters influence mental self view, discernments, mental emergency and confidence. Understudies whose guardians are isolated will in general show stamped misfortunes in their scholastic execution as well as in building up enduring sentimental connections in future (Amato and Anthony, 2014: 373). Amato and Anthony additionally keep up that family organization is the essential specialist of socialization along these lines guarantees that youngsters are sufficiently associated before their introduction to the optional operators of socialization. Guardians and close family members, hence, assume a key job in mingling kids by ingraining discipline, teaching virtues just as imparting cultural standards. In this view, guardians go about as good examples to their youngsters. At the point when guardians discrete, the kids' recognitions about marriage and connections might be influenced, and the impacts may influence them to adulthood. The trust that youngsters have in their folks is subsequently influenced in this manner when the kids become grown-ups their associations wit h others might be influenced (Amato and Anthony, 2013: 384). People brought up in broken families will in general have adverse perspectives towards sentimental connections and marriage all in all while they have inspirational mentalities towards separate (Cui, Fincham, and Durtschi, 2010: 1). The negative discernment about marriage prompts less or no promise to sentimental connections. Therefore, such individuals may communicate challenges in remaining long seeing someone just as communicating warmth towards their accomplices. One of the variables that compel sentimental connections where both or one accomplice has been a survivor of isolated family is the issue of trust in a relationship (Cui, Fincham, and Durtschi, 2010: 1). Parental division frequently results to low trust among the kids. The repercussions of detachment are duplicated in later adulthood connections. The casualties may convey the negative discernments, mentalities and past feelings in their connections and may likewise expect that similar encounters may happen to reoccur in their sentimental connections. Consequently, a few people might be discouraged from taking part in sentimental connections. What's more, people brought up in isolated families are more averse to have faith in continuance and solidness of marriage or connections when contrasted with those brought up in flawless families (Fergusson, McLeod, and John, 2014: 360). The sentiments about marriage or relationship eccentrics and insecurity effectsly affect their connections. Such people as per Cui, Fincham, and Durtschi (2010: 3) will in general contemplate themselves as guardians. While parental partition might be encouraged by elements, for example, unfaithfulness, absence of trust, absence of adoration, physical or mental maltreatment or strife just as the absence of correspondence and participation. Individual brought up in such families will in general have the discernment that the equivalent may occur in their connections (Fergusson, McLeod, and John, 2014:362: Roth, Harkins, and Eng, 2014). Tragically, an endeavor to manage such pessimistic perspectives, emotions, and observation may take long while in othe rs the impacts have long haul impacts in their lives. Taking everything into account, it is very evident that parental detachments and separations have influenced numerous homes in many pieces of the world. As a rule, impacts of family partitions influence youngsters adversely as it influences the isolated couple. Understudies from isolated families are probably going to be influenced by the choice. The effects of division will in general adjust their conduct, mentality towards others, low confidence, troubles in creating and keeping up connections and poor scholastic execution. In any case, it can't completely be said to effectsly affect youthful grown-ups' sentimental connections. There are hence differential results in various people. This is basically on the grounds that a few people can conquer the impacts of detachment while others don't. Be that as it may, an uplifting mentality towards partition or separation is related with less promise to sentimental connections therefore prompting the disintegration of the relationship. The d iscernment about marriage is influenced by between parental clash and the nature of relationship before the partition. Regardless of the difficulties looked by the youthful grown-ups in setting up enduring sentimental connections because of the encounters of isolated families which continue to adulthood, they ought to be guided on the best way to lead solid connections. References Ahiaoma, I. (2013). The psycho-social impact of parental division and separation on teenagers: Implications for advising in Surulere nearby government zone of Lagos state. Universal Journal of Psychology and Counseling, 5(7) pp 162-168. Amato, P.R. what's more, Anthony, C.J. (2014). Assessing the impacts of parental separation and passing withfixed impacts models. Diary of Marriage and Family, 76(2), pp.370-386. Cui, M., Fincham, F. D., and Durtschi, J. A. (2010). The Effect of Parental Divorce on YoungAdults Romantic Relationship Dissolution: What Makes a Difference? Individual Relationships, pp 1-17. Fergusson, D.M., McLeod, G.F. what's more, John, H. L.(2014). Parental division/separate from inchildhood and organization results at age 30. Diary of kid brain science and psychiatry, 55(4), pp.352-360. Fine, M.A. also, Harvey, J.H.(2013). Handbook of separation and relationship dissolution.Psychology Press. Murray, J., Farrington, D.P. also, Sekol, I. (2012). Kids' solitary conduct, mental health,drug use, and instructive execution after parental imprisonment: an efficient audit and meta-examination. Mental announcement, 138(2), p.175. Roth, K.E., Harkins, D.A. what's more, Eng, L.A. (2014). Parental clash during divorce as an indicatorof modification and future connections: A review kin study. Diary of Divorce Remarriage, 55(2), pp.117-138. Turney, K. furthermore, Haskins, A.R. (2014). Falling behind? Childrens early evaluation maintenance afterpaternal imprisonment. Human science of Education, 87(4), pp.241-258.

Traditional Monoclonal Antibodies and Recombinant Antibodies

Customary Monoclonal Antibodies and Recombinant Antibodies Presentation: Immunizer is an exceptional atom that present in our bodies to battle against contaminations and invigorate invulnerable reaction. Commonplace immunizer is a Y molded atom comprises of two H (substantial) and two (light) chains. Two antigen-restricting parts (Fabs) are connected with a steady locale (Fc)(Brekke and Sandlie 2003). After the revelation of murine monoclonal antibodies created by hybridoma cells created by Kohlor and Milstein(Kohler and Milstein 1975), the job of monoclonal antibodies in therapeutics and clinical diagnostics are progressively significant over the most recent three decades (Laffly and Sodoyer 2005). The term monoclonal immune response is characterized as a counter acting agent atom which is monospecific and gotten from a solitary B cell clone. Results in utilizing completely murine monoclonal antibodies in therapeutics are not perfect and issues stirred in activating undesirable human invulnerable reactions. These issues power the age of recombinant antib odies in the substitution of conventional monoclonal antibodies. Customized recombinant antibodies parts increment adaptability both in immunotherapy and immunodiagnostics. The use of insignificant type of useful antibodies single-chain antibodies (scFvs) are the most famous type of recombinant antibodies pieces as demonstrative operators (Hagemeyer et al. 2009). In this task, the correlation between customary monoclonal antibodies and recombinant antibodies as therapeutics specialists and diagnostics apparatuses will be talked about. From the case of catastrophe TGN 1412, the potential danger of utilizing recombinant antibodies in restorative specialists ought not be overlooked. At last, future point of view of recombinant antibodies in quality treatment and utilizing polyclonal antibodies as novel immunotherapeutic technique will be examined. Hypothetically, likely any sort of monoclonal antibodies can be created with the guide of hybridoma procedure. The persistent culture of hybridoma cells makes a limitless gracefully of monoclonal antibodies in the research centers by cell culture or rodent(Nelson, Reynolds et al. 2000). Its exceptionally explicitness, solidness and homogeneity are perfect for diagnostics and in restorative purposes. After the presentation of the principal FDA endorsed drugs OKT3 propelled into the market in 1986, the consequences of utilizing completely murine monoclonal antibodies in human was not promising (Chatenoud, Baudrihaye et al. 1986; Chatenoud, Jonker et al. 1986). This is on the grounds that murine began monoclonal antibodies set off a few immunogenic reactions in human body. One of the issues emerge is human enemy of mouse antibodies (HAMA) or hostile to globulin antibodies (HAGA) reaction (DeNardo, Bradt et al. 2003; Presta 2006) produced against the administrated murine antibodies. Stud ies indicated that around 30-75% of patients with strong tumors and backslid B-cell malignancies created HAMA reaction after presentation to murine antibodies (Smith, Nelson et al. 2004; Majidi, Barar et al. 2009). The actuation of HAMA reaction is basically because of the host antibodies created against the idiotopes of the managed murine antibodies. In addition, fast freedom of murine Abs abbreviates its serum half-life and moderately ineffectual to trigger cytotoxic impact (for example ADCC and CDC) contrasted with human antibodies ruined murine Abs as therapeutics operators (Presta 2006). In light of the above uncertain issues, with the guide of hereditary designing, murine monoclonal antibodies are adjusted to turn out to be less immunogenic and improve intensity in therapeutics and diagnostics. Three unique kinds of recombinant antibodies are produced: fanciful, acculturated and human immune response. In chimerization, the murine variable locale is intertwined with the human steady district framing illusory antibodies(Presta 2006). This adjustment mimics the human safe framework. Albeit fanciful antibodies is less immunogenic yet may trigger human enemy of illusory counter acting agent reactions (HACA)(Baert, Noman et al. 2003). Further development strategy is acculturation (hyperchimeric). In this method, just the complementarity deciding locales (CDRs) from the murine counter acting agent was united into a human consistent and variable districts (Smith, Nelson et al. 2004). By reemerging, reshaping and hyperchimerisation of hyperchimeric immune response, the count er acting agent restricting fondness improved. Despite the fact that the above techniques limit immunogenicity, however resistant reaction consequence of xenografting may happen. At long last, human antibodies can be created by transgenic mice and in vitro combinatorial libraries (Brekke and Loset 2003; Brekke and Sandlie 2003; Presta 2006). Antibodies which created under this strategy are relied upon to be indistinguishable from human antibodies with clinical noteworthy with no reactions. One of the models in combinatorial library approach for the determination of antibodies is by phage show innovation in which counter acting agent factors area are communicated as combination protein as covered on the outside of the bacteriophages. Under combinatorial library draws near and transgenic mice, the possibility of getting completely human antibodies are higher when contrasted with hybridoma and illusory counter acting agent innovations. What's more, single-chain variable section (scFv) and Fab piece can be disengaged (Brekke and Loset 2003; Brekke and Sandlie 2003). Therapeutics application Fc partition in an unblemished immune response trigger effector work which is bothersome for remedial applications. Hence, for an alluring antibodies structure for cytokine inactivation or receptor blockage, the fundamental contemplations of immunizer configuration are: size, tissue infiltration, conveyance, half-life, effector work, liking, solidness and immunogenicity. scFv and Fab parts are favored as decision of inclination when contrasted with conventional antibodies on account of littlest in size, high restricting partiality, particularity, great tissue infiltration and decreasing immunogenicity due to HAMA reaction. scFv and Fab antibodies have a shorter half-life than entire antibodies and this downside can be overwhelmed by PEGylation. What's more, the connection of PEGylation of murine monoclonal counter acting agent diminishes HAMA reaction of the host after administration(Laffly and Sodoyer 2005). Utilizations of monoclonal antibodies are immensely utilized in restorative operators (for example treatment of malignant growth) and in clinical symptomatic (for example histopathological determination). Acculturated mAbs (transgenic mice) (reemerging, reshaping and hyperchimerisation, and so on) Phage show innovation (Fabs and Fvs) As of late MAbs have become significant business reagents, and as of now add to over 30% of biopharmaceuticals being developed and creation. Until this point, 10 diverse MAbs have accomplished FDA endorsement, with others in stage III trials.4 Applications Counter acting agent conjugates (Majidi, Barar et al. 2009) Unconjugated mAbs (Majidi, Barar et al. 2009) rAbs for malignancy treatment immunohistology hereditary immunotherapy(Pelegrin, Gros et al. 2004) scFv for diagnostics apparatuses (size, immunosensor, restraint of imnflammation and supplement framework) (Hagemeyer, von Zur Muhlen et al. 2009) Issues polyclonal versus monoclonal therapeutics (Haurum 2006) TGN1412 occurrence (Self and Thompson 2006) References: Baert, F., M. Noman, et al. (2003). Impact of immunogenicity on the drawn out viability of infliximab in Crohns infection. N Engl J Med 348(7): 601-608. Brekke, O. H. furthermore, G. A. Loset (2003). New advances in helpful counter acting agent improvement. Curr Opin Pharmacol 3(5): 544-550. Brekke, O. H. furthermore, I. Sandlie (2003). Remedial antibodies for human illnesses at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2(1): 52-62. Chatenoud, L., M. F. Baudrihaye, et al. (1986). Limitation of the human in vivo safe reaction against the mouse monoclonal neutralizer OKT3. J Immunol 137(3): 830-838. Chatenoud, L., M. Jonker, et al. (1986). The human safe reaction to the OKT3 monoclonal neutralizer is oligoclonal. Science 232(4756): 1406-1408. DeNardo, G. L., B. M. Bradt, et al. (2003). Human antiglobulin reaction to outside antibodies: remedial advantage? Malignant growth Immunol Immunother 52(5): 309-316. Hagemeyer, C. E., C. von Zur Muhlen, et al. (2009). Single-chain antibodies as demonstrative devices and restorative specialists. Thromb Haemost 101(6): 1012-1019. Haurum, J. S. (2006). Recombinant polyclonal antibodies: the up and coming age of neutralizer therapeutics? Medication Discov Today 11(13-14): 655-660. Kohler, G. what's more, C. Milstein (1975). Consistent societies of intertwined cells emitting immunizer of predefined particularity. Nature 256(5517): 495-497. Laffly, E. what's more, R. Sodoyer (2005). Monoclonal and recombinant antibodies, 30 years after. Murmur Antibodies 14(1-2): 33-55. Majidi, J., J. Barar, et al. (2009). Target treatment of disease: usage of monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies. Murmur Antibodies 18(3): 81-100. Nelson, P. N., G. M. Reynolds, et al. (2000). Monoclonal antibodies. Mol Pathol 53(3): 111-117. Pelegrin, M., L. Gros, et al. (2004). Monoclonal counter acting agent based hereditary immunotherapy. Curr Gene Ther 4(3): 347-356. Presta, L. G. (2006). Designing of helpful antibodies to limit immunogenicity and upgrade work. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 58(5-6): 640-656. Self, C. H. also, S. Thompson (2006). How explicit are helpful monoclonal antibodies? Lancet 367(9516): 1038-1039. Smith, K. A., P. N. Nelson, et al. (2004). Demystifiedrecombinant antibodies. J Clin Pathol 57(9): 912-917.

Campus Recreation

Campus Recreation Hey everyone! Welcome back! I hope you are all settling into your routines and enjoying your classes. One of my goals starting 2016 was to start exercising more. I often find motivation to go to the gym and then get busy with classes or other obligations. However, my friends and I participated in Free Week for group fitness classes. There are a variety of group fitness classes offered through campus recreation, at the ARC or CRCE. For the first week of each semester, group fitness classes are free. We tried Zumba, yoga, and even a mixed martial arts class. These classes were fun, exciting, and easy to do as beginners. I was planning on just trying them out, but I had such a great time I decided to purchase the Group Fitness Pass for this semester. The instructors were super friendly and I had a great work out at each class. I will definitely be going back! Make sure to check out all the classes on  http://www.campusrec.illinois.edu. -Alex Alex Class of 2017 My major is Social Work and I love every minute of it. I grew up in a really small town called Braidwood, Illinois. Before I attended the University of Illinois, I went to Joliet Junior College.

Carrie Chapman Catt, Suffragette, Activist, Feminist

Carrie Chapman Catt (January 9, 1859–March 9, 1947) was a teacher and journalist who was active in the womans suffrage movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. She was the founder of the League of Women Voters and president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Fast Facts: Carrie Chapman Catt Known For:  Leader in the womens suffrage movementBorn: February 9, 1859 in Ripon, WisconsinParents: Lucius Lane and Maria Clinton LaneDied: March 9, 1947 in New Rochelle, New YorkEducation:  Iowa State Agricultural College, B.S. in General Science, 1880Spouse(s): Leo Chapman (m. 1885), George W. Catt (m. 1890–1905)Children: None Early Life Carrie Chapman Catt was born Carrie Clinton Lane in Ripon, Wisconsin on February 9, 1859, the second child and only daughter of farmers Lucius and Maria Clinton Lane. Lucius had participated but did not find much luck in the California Gold Rush of 1850, returning to Cleveland Ohio and purchasing a coal business. He married Maria Clinton in 1855, and, discovering that he disliked cities, bought the Ripon farm. Their first child William was born there in 1856. Maria was outspoken and well-educated for the time, having attended Oread Collegiate Institute in Worcester, Massachusetts. When Carrie was 7, the family moved to a farm outside of Charles City, Iowa, building a new brick house. Carrie attended a one-room schoolhouse and then the Charles City high school. At the age of 13, she wanted to know why her mother wouldnt be voting in the presidential election of 1872: Her family laughed at her: women werent allowed to vote in the United States at the time. In her early teens she wanted to become a doctor and began bringing live reptiles and insects into the house to study them, to the distress of her father. She borrowed and read Darwins Origin of Species from a neighbor and wanted to know why her history book omitted all of that interesting information. In 1877, Carrie attended Iowa State Agricultural College (now Iowa State University), having saved up money to cover the room and board (about $150/year, and tuition was free) by teaching school in the summers. While there, she organized a womans military drill (there was one for men but not women) and won the right for women to speak at the Crescent Literary Society. She joined the Pi Beta Phi Fraternity—despite its name, it was coed. In November 1880 she graduated with a bachelors degree in the General Science Course for Women, making her the only woman in a class of 18. She started her journalism career by writing in the Iowa Homestead magazine about the drudgery of housework. Carrie Lane began reading law with a Charles City attorney, but in 1881 she received an offer to teach in Mason City, Iowa and she accepted. Professional Life and Marriage Two years later in 1883, she became superintendent of schools in Mason City. In February 1885, she married newspaper editor and publisher Leo Chapman (1857–1885) and became co-editor of the newspaper. After Leo was accused of criminal libel later that year, the Chapmans planned to move to California. Just after he arrived, and while his wife was on her way to join him, he caught typhoid fever and died, leaving his new wife to make her own way. She found work in San Francisco as a newspaper reporter. She soon joined the woman suffrage movement as a lecturer and moved back to Iowa, where she joined the Iowa Woman Suffrage Association and the Womens Christian Temperance Union. In 1890, she was a delegate at the newly formed National American Woman Suffrage Association. In 1890 she married wealthy engineer George W. Catt (1860–1905), whom she had originally met in college and saw him again during her time in San Francisco. They signed a prenuptial agreement, which guaranteed her two months in the spring and two in the fall for her suffrage work. He supported her in these efforts, considering that his role in the marriage was to earn their living and hers was to reform society. They had no children. National and International Suffrage Role Her effective organizing work brought her quickly into the inner circles of the suffrage movement. Carrie Chapman Catt became head of field organizing for the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1895 and in 1900, having earned the trust of the leaders of that organization, including Susan B. Anthony, was elected to succeed Anthony as president. Four years later, Catt resigned the presidency to care for her husband, who died in 1905—Rev. Anna Shaw took over her role as NAWSA president. Carrie Chapman Catt was a founder and president of the International Woman Suffrage Association, serving from 1904 to 1923 and until her death as honorary president. In 1915, Catt was re-elected to the presidency of the NAWSA, succeeding Anna Shaw, and led the organization in fighting for suffrage laws at both the state and federal levels. She opposed the efforts of the newly active Alice Paul to hold Democrats in office responsible for the failure of woman suffrage laws, and to work only at the federal level for a constitutional amendment. This split resulted in Pauls faction leaving the NAWSA and forming the Congressional Union, later the Womans Party. Role in Final Passage of Suffrage Amendment Her leadership was key in the final passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920: without the state reforms—an increased number of states in which women could vote in primary elections and regular elections—the 1920 victory could not have been won. Also key was the bequest in 1914 of Mrs. Frank Leslie (Miriam Folline Leslie) of nearly a million dollars, given to Catt to support the suffrage effort. Legacy and Death Carrie Chapman Catt was one of the founders of the Womens Peace Party during World War I and helped organize the League of Women Voters after the passage of the 19th Amendment (she served the League as honorary president until her death). She also supported the League of Nations after World War I and the founding of the United Nations after World War II. Between the wars, she worked for Jewish refugee relief efforts and child labor protection laws. When her husband died, she went to live with a longtime friend and fellow suffragist Mary Garrett Hay. They moved to New Rochelle, New York, where Catt died in 1947. When measuring the organizational contributions of the many workers for woman suffrage, most would credit Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, Lucretia Mott, Alice Paul, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucy Stone with having the most influence in winning the vote for American women. The effect of this victory was then felt worldwide, as women in other nations were inspired directly and indirectly to win the vote for themselves. Recent Controversy In 1996, when Iowa State University (Catts alma mater) proposed to name a building after Catt, controversy broke out over racist statements that Catt had made in her lifetime, including stating that white supremacy will be strengthened, not weakened, by womens suffrage. The discussion highlights issues about the suffrage movement and its strategies to win support in the South. Sources Laurence, Frances. Maverick Women: 19th Century Women Who Kicked over the Traces. Manifest Publications, 1998.  Peck, Mary Gray. Carrie Chapman Catt, Pioneers of the Womans Movement. Literary Licensing, 2011.  Suffragettes Racial Remark Haunts College. The New York Times, May 5, 1996.  Van Voris, Jacqueline. Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life. New York: The Feminist Press, 1996.

Essay about Assessment of the War in Iraq - 1621 Words

Saddam Hussein was indeed a ruthless dictator who violated human rights and caused conflicts in the Middle East. Despite this, his threat to the world community was largely overstated by the US in its justifications for going to war. His reputation as crazy and unpredictable was countered in his psychological assessment, which clearly shows his motivations and identifies the amount of foresight in every decision he makes. Basically, his main motivation was to stay in power and he did everything he could to achieve that. Drawing off of this assessment, if becomes very clear that if he wanted to stay in power, even if he did have chemical, biological, or weapons of mass destruction, he would never use those in a foreign conflict, much less†¦show more content†¦The only way to fix the human rights crisis in Iraq would be to invade and install a new government. This was not the stated goal and therefore it still was not the right course of action. Despite shortcomings with the d ecision to go to war, how the war was actually carried out posed more problems. The administration had a very favorable view of how the war would go and how post-war issues would work themselves out. They were under the impression that this war would be like any other situation where a new government was put up, like in Japan, Germany, or in many former Soviet states. The US has never dealt with this situation in the Arab world, though. In many cases, administration’s expectations for the war were simply unrealistic – some estimates had all forces out of Iraq within a year and one comment led people to believe that Iraq’s reconstruction would only cost the US $1.7 billion. Nearly everybody else had a different idea of how the post-war period should be dealt with. The Army Chief of Staff, Eric Shinseki, estimated to the Senate Armed Services Committee that several hundred thousand soldiers would be needed to occupy Iraq – much more than those needed to inv ade it. Another estimate was that the war might eventually cost $1.7 trillion. Everyone expected looting after the regime fell and called for the necessary troops to maintain order. Most people expected mass amounts of refugees within the country as the regime unleashedShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder in Troops Leaving Iraq1032 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: Post-traumatic stress disorder leaving Iraq Post-traumatic stress disorder leaving Iraq Introduction Recently a study has been carried by the American Army on the health of the military troops that have just returned from Iraq. It has been found that one in every right soldier is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. 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The victory in spending plan deficiencies was driven by both military and non-military expenses in mix with an expansionary financial arrangement that prompted quickly rising swelling in the mid-1970s. Figure six demonstrates the expansion in government spending which crested in 1968. UtilizationRead MoreSyria During The Middle East1666 Words   |  7 Pagescities in the world (CIA Fact Book). Once a part of the Ottoman Empire, Syria was controlled by France following World War I until it gained its independence in 1946. Following independence, Syria has been in a rather consistent state of turmoil and government coups leading to instability in not only the country but also the region as a whole. Current Events Syria has been in a Civil War officially since July 2012 when the Red Cross declared it so that Geneva Conventions could be applied. However, the

The Dangers of Cell Phone Use While Driving Free Essays

In today’s society, most people communicate using of cell phones. Just 15 to 20 years ago, cell phones were a rarity for the average person. The average income person could not afford a cell phone. We will write a custom essay sample on The Dangers of Cell Phone Use While Driving or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today, cell phones are affordable and the majority of people own them. The days of waiting until you are home to use a telephone or searching for a pay phone if you are out are long gone. In fact, pay phones are being removed, which increases the need for a cell phone. The government will provide a cell phone with limited monthly service for those that are low income and meet certain criteria. The cell phone has also created people to feel the need to be accessible to constant communication. The major problem lies with cell phone use while driving, which presents a constant danger on the road. In many instances, it is a deadly danger. Based on my experience and experiences of those I know, I believe that law should ban all cell phone use. Laws have passed recently restricting the use to a hands free device while driving. I feel this is a good move in the right direction however; a hands free device can be equally as distraction. Some claim the distraction is no different from changing a radio station or taking a sip of your beverage. I do not believe this claim to be true. I cannot count the number of times I have witnessed a driver using their cell phone, not giving their full attention to the traffic. I have witnessed drivers pull out directly in front of on coming vehicles barely avoiding an accident. My adult children are prime examples of this practice. I have been a passenger with them while they take a call or look at a text message. During the conversation or glancing at the text message; they have crossed the centerline, weaved over onto the shoulder of the road, and swerved within their lane. I fear for their safety, others safety, and my own. Many feel the use of a hands free device is safer. In many ways, it is safer but still is a major distraction. A friend of my son was in a deadly accident while using his hands free device. He was riding his motorcycle and having a conversation on his â€Å"Bluetooth†. He was speaking to a friend and told them he was going to pass a trash truck. He was traveling on a single lane roadway. While passing at a high rate of speed he lost control. The friend heard what was happening. The young man was thrown over the front of the motorcycle landing on his head. His neck was broken. He was paralyzed from the head down and was only able to mouth words as his larynx was paralyzed. He was mouthing the words, â€Å"let me go†. After a year, his parents made the agonizing decision to remove him from the ventilator. He died shortly after at the young age of 22. I cannot help but wonder had he not been talking on the phone would he have made a better decision about passing the trash truck. Most people feel these horrors cannot happen to them. Driving any vehicle requires full attention. I believe that using a cell phone can be as impairing as driving while under the influence of alcohol. Many laws have passed in Maryland and nationwide concerning the issue. I feel the laws are necessary and should go a stop further with a full ban. A full ban would save many lives across the state and the nation. How to cite The Dangers of Cell Phone Use While Driving, Essay examples

Persuasive Essay Capital Punishment Essays - Criminal Law, Penology

Persuasive Essay: Capital Punishment Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! Persuasive Essay: Capital Punishment When turning on the television, radio, or simply opening the local newspaper, one is bombarded with news of arrests, murders, homicides, serial killers, and other such tragedies. It is a rare occasion to go throughout a day in this world and not hear of these things. So what should be done about this crime rate? Not only is it committing a crime, but today, it is signing your life over to the government. This is a risk one is taking when he decides to pull a trigger or plunge a knife, but is it really up to our justice system to decide one's fate? There are many issues that address this question of capital punishment such as religion, the effect on society, restitution being denied, the possible "wrongly accused", and the rights of the convicted. But how often do these concepts creep into the public's mind when it hears of our 'fair, trusty' government taking away someone's breathing rights? The Bible states "Thou shalt not kill," and this being a sin should have to be amended within oneself. However, the Bible also states "Don't judge others' personal convictions." It is the government's responsibility to punish people that disobey the law to keep our world in tact but is it their right to take away their lives? It is a Christian's responsibility to point out to those who sin that they do so and this country, trusting in God as it says it does, should do just that. So if the government stands strongly by this statement that's on the dollar bill, may they line up all the liars, adulterers, Buddhists, thieves, covetous and murderers at the chair. If they shall look into this one sin as so evil may they see all ten commandments so holy. The society is so confused as to what is"right." More and more children are becoming murderers themselves. The reason is obvious: they see that if they kill someone they go to jail, get the death penalty, and the government, who they know as the "good guy" kills them for punishment. Lesson learned: the finger is pointing to its own actions. Learning morals is only as hard as people make it. Why complicate things? Some people think that restitution is granted when one is sentenced to the death penalty. However, if a loved one is murdered and his family feels justice in having the murderer done the same, is it not considered equally demented? Forgiving and forgetting are entirely out of the question, but one should consider the concept of regret and remorse. Just as one feels terrible and wishes the benevolence of their neighbor when wrongfully driving through his yard, surely a murderer may feel the same. One is only human and no one can expect any more. A mistake is a mistake, no matter whom it may harm or what destruction it may cause. There's always the chance of the innocent being in the wrong place at the wrong time. A handful of evidence from a strong lawyer could sentence someone to life in prison, and even the death penalty. One could be spending and ending his life in captivity for simply walking down the wrong street on the wrong day. Should he have to serve the time that's not rightfully his and take the needle that shouldn't prick his skin? It's a small fault in the justice system that is not easy to overcome, but that's someone's life, and not knowing the truth could be devastating. Abraham Lincoln declared, "All men are created equal." This statement of truth has obviously been left out of consideration in the court room. The man that sits upon the bench in this room is no more entitled to justice than the one that sits in the defendant's seat. Everyone deserves a second chance because they are all capable of reformation. Is the reasoning not simply to teach a lesson that one punishes another? The offender should have the chance to go back into the world and prove himself honorable. May he that makes no mistakes take the rights of he that made the big one. A crime is a crime, be it desiring a brother's wife, or shooting her. Only is it the latter that the world may see and condemn. He that carries a false tongue should sleep no sounder than he that carries a poisonous heart. If solving corruption with immorality is the world's remedy for reconciliation, then why not chop off

The Legend of St. Patrick, the Patron Saint of Ireland

The Legend of St. Patrick, the Patron Saint of Ireland Patricks father, Calpornius, held both civic and clerical offices when Patrick was born to him in the late fourth century (c. A.D. 390). Although the family lived in the village of Bannavem Taberniaei, in Roman Britain, Patrick would one day become the most successful Christian missionary in Ireland, its patron saint, and the subject of legends. The Story of St. Patrick Patricks first encounter with the land to which he would devote his life was an unpleasant one. He was kidnapped at age 16, sent to Ireland (around County Mayo), and sold into slavery. While Patrick worked there as a shepherd, he developed a deep faith in God. One night, during his sleep, he was sent a vision of how to escape. So much he tells us in his autobiographical Confession. Unlike the work of the same name by the theologian, Augustine, Patricks Confession​ is short, with few statements of religious doctrine. In it, Patrick describes his British youth and his conversion, for although he was born to Christian parents, he did not consider himself Christian before his captivity. Another purpose of the document was to defend himself to the very church that had sent him to Ireland to convert his former captors. Years before Patrick wrote his Confession,​ he wrote an angry Letter to Coroticus, the British King of Alcluid (later called Strathclyde), in which he condemns him and his soldiers as compatriots of the demons because they had captured and slaughtered many of the Irish people Bishop Patrick had just baptized. Those they didnt kill would be sold to heathen Picts and Scots. Although personal, emotional, religious, and biographical, these two pieces and Gildas Bandonicus Concerning the Ruin of Britain (De Excidio Britanniae) provide the main historical sources for fifth-century Britain. Upon Patricks escape from his approximately six years of slavery, he went back to Britain, and then to Gaul where he studied under St. Germain, bishop of Auxerre, for 12 years before returning again to Britain. There he felt a calling to return as a missionary to Ireland. He stayed in Ireland for another 30 years, converting, baptizing, and setting up monasteries. Various legends have grown up concerning St. Patrick, the most popular of the Irish saints. St. Patrick was not well-educated, a fact he attributes to early captivity. Due to this, it was with some reluctance that he was sent as a missionary to Ireland, and only after the first missionary, Palladius, had died. Perhaps its because of his informal schooling in the meadows with his sheep that he came up with the clever analogy between the three leaves of the shamrock and the Holy Trinity. At any rate, this lesson is one explanation for why St. Patrick is associated with a shamrock. St. Patrick is also credited with driving the snakes out of Ireland. There were probably no snakes in Ireland for him to drive out, and it is very likely that the story was meant to be symbolic. Since he converted the heathen, the snakes are thought to stand for the pagan beliefs or evil. Where he was buried is a mystery. Among other places, a chapel to St. Patrick at Glastonbury claims he was interred there. A shrine in County Down, Ireland, claims to possess a jawbone of the saint which is requested for childbirth, epileptic fits, and to avert the evil eye. While we dont know exactly when he was born or died, this Roman British saint is honored by the Irish, especially in the United States, on March 17 with parades, green beer, cabbage, corned beef, and general revelry. While there is a parade in Dublin as the culmination of a week of festivities, Irish celebrations on St. Patricks Day itself are predominantly religious. Sources Sub-Roman Britain: An IntroductionGildas: from Concerning the Ruin of Britain (De Excidio Britanniae)From Medieval Sourcebook, chapters 23-26 of Gildas work on the fall of Britain.Ecole Glossary entry on Gildas the Wise

10 Fascinating Facts About Ants

10 Fascinating Facts About Ants In many ways, ants can outwit, outlast, and outnumber humans. Their complex, cooperative societies enable them to survive and thrive in conditions that would challenge any individual. Here are 10 fascinating facts about ants that just might convince you that while you wouldnt welcome them to your next picnic, theyre still pretty amazing creatures. 1. Ants Have Super-Human Strength Ants can carry objects 50 times their own body weight in their jaws. Relative to their size, their muscles are thicker than those of larger animals- even humans. This ratio enables them to produce more force and carry larger objects. If you  had muscles in the proportions of ants, youd be able to heave a Hyundai over your head! 2. Soldier Ants Use their Heads to Plug Holes In certain ant species, the soldier ants have modified heads, shaped to match the nest entrance. They block access to the nest by sitting just inside the entrance, with their heads functioning like a cork in a bottle to keep intruders at bay. When a worker ant returns to the nest, it touches the soldier ants head to let the guard know it belongs to the colony. 3. Ants Can Form Symbiotic Relationship with Plants Ant plants, or myrmecophytes, are plants that have naturally occurring hollows in which ants can take shelter or feed. These cavities may be hollow thorns, stems, or even leaf petioles. The ants live in the hollows, feeding on sugary plant secretions or the excretions of sap-sucking insects. What does a plant get for providing such luxurious accommodations? The ants defend the host plant from herbivorous mammals and insects and may even prune away parasitic plants that attempt to grow on it. 4. The Total Biomass of Ants The Biomass of People How can this be? After all, ants are so tiny, and were so much bigger. That said, scientists estimate there are at least 1.5 million ants on the planet for every human being. Over 12,000 species of ants are known to exist, on every continent except Antarctica. Most live in tropical regions. A single acre of Amazon rainforest may be home to 3.5 million ants. 5. Ants Sometimes Herd Insects of Other Species Ants will do just about anything to get the sugary secretions of sap-sucking insects, such as aphids or leafhoppers. To keep the honeydew in close supply, some ants herd aphids, carrying the soft-bodied pests from plant to plant. Leafhoppers sometimes take advantage of this nurturing tendency in ants and leave their young to be raised by the ants. This allows the leafhoppers to raise another brood. 6. Some Ants Enslave Other Ants Quite a few ant species take captives from other ant species, forcing them to do chores for their own colony. Honeypot ants even enslave ants of the same species, taking individuals from foreign colonies to do their bidding. Polyergus queens, also known as Amazon ants, raid the colonies of unsuspecting Formica ants. The Amazon queen finds and kills the Formica queen, then enslaves the Formica workers. The slave workers help the usurping queen rear her own brood. When her Polyergus offspring reach adulthood, their sole purpose is to raid other Formica colonies and bring back their pupae, ensuring a steady supply of slave workers. 7. Ants Lived Alongside Dinosaurs Ants evolved some 130 million years ago during the early Cretaceous period. Most fossil evidence of insects is found in lumps of ancient amber, or fossilized plant resin. The oldest known ant fossil, a primitive and now extinct ant species named Sphercomyrma freyi, was found in Cliffwood Beach, New Jersey. Though that fossil only dates back 92 million years, another fossil ant that proved nearly as old has a clear lineage to present-day ants, which suggests a much longer evolutionary line than previously assumed. 8. Ants Started Farming Long Before Humans Fungus-farming ants began their agricultural ventures about 50 million years before humans thought to raise their own crops. The earliest evidence suggests ants began farming as early as 70 million years ago, in the early Tertiary period. Even more amazing, these ants used sophisticated horticultural techniques to enhance their crop yields, including secreting chemicals with antibiotic properties to inhibit mold growth and devising fertilization protocols using manure. 9. Ant Supercolonies Can Stretch Thousands of Miles Argentine ants, native to South America, now inhabit every continent except Antarctica due to accidental introductions. Each ant colony has a distinctive chemical profile that enables members of the group to recognize one another and alerts the colony to the presence of strangers. Scientists recently discovered that massive supercolonies in Europe, North America, and Japan all share the same chemical profile, meaning they are, in essence, a global supercolony of ants. 10. Scout Ants Lay Scent Trails to Guide Others to Food By following pheromone trails laid by scout ants from their colony, foraging ants can gather and store food efficiently. A scout ant first leaves the nest in search of food, wandering somewhat randomly until it discovers something edible. It then consumes some of the food and returns to the nest in a direct line. It seems scout ants can observe and recall visual cues that enable them to navigate quickly back to the nest. Along the return route, the scout ants leave a trail of pheromones- which are special scents they secrete- that guide their nestmates to the food. The foraging ants then follow the path designated by the scout ant, each one adding more scent to the trail to reinforce it for others. Worker ants continue walking back and forth along the trail until the food source is depleted.

Prize Money in Tennis A Gender Perspective Essay

Prize Money in Tennis A Gender Perspective - Essay Example Their sporting skills, sadly take a backseat. Marxist theory equates the man as the bourgeoisie and the wife as the proletariat. He felt that the communist ideology will give space to women by bringing them into the public space. In communism, women can enter into public sphere of production and communalize the realm of private production. This then, becomes the program for emancipation of women. If we take the example of Cuba, which is a socialist dictatorship, structured along the Eastern European countries. Fidel Castro, after coming to power, brought about major changes in all aspects of Cuban society, including its sports. The other communist countries held up Cuba's success in sports as an example as a success of socialist experiment. $80 million is still invested in sport annually, which represents 2% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Cuba. The Cuban government invests a disproportionate amount of its resources in its athletes - educating, feeding, clothing them, paying for equipment, and travel. Sports in Cuba is deeply integrated with politics and political ideology borrowed from Eastern Europe ideology Sports is an integral part of the political culture, and it is available to all. Castro established a strategy both to unite the population behind common sporting goals and establish a shared national identity through sport. The liberal feminist theory states that sports increases socialization among women. It develops confidence, decreases the gender imbalance. But a lot of discrimination exists in sports. This includes categorizing sports as feminine and masculine. Feminine sports being hockey, volleyball, handball, masculine being rugby, cricket, football. Women are also not represented in major sports organizations. They do not hold decision-making positions. In 2002, women held 17 per cent of executive director/general manager positions.Legal restrictions also reduce the chances of women holding important jobs. The sex discrimination Act, 1975, in UK does not include sports in its agenda. Private sports clubs remain outside the purview of equal opportunities legislation. Liberal feminism has included these issues on the agenda of sports organizations, clubs. Organizations such as Women Sports Foundation-WSF, Women's Sports International-WSI, have put pressure on these institutions and have managed to put issues like gender equality and equity becoming part of mainstream sports agenda. The liberal feminist theory says that biological constraints are not responsible for less participation of women in sports Inspite of all this, discrimination continues. There is another theory - radical feminism, which sees the male as oppressors and the female as suppressed. Unlike the liberal feminism, which only talks about equal opportunities for women, radical feminism mentions that women are encouraged to have an acceptable heterosexual feminity in sports. For example, in international women beach volleyball, bikini bottoms should not be deeper than 6 centimeters. This has less to do with appropriate dress codes and more of objectification of women's bodies. Radical feminism has also led to an understanding of

Corporate tax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporate tax - Essay Example A corporation is structured in a way that its shareholders and stockholders are not held liable for any debts that the corporation may accrue. This fact protects a corporation’s shareholders from legal action or liability because of the identity of a corporation as a legal entity, for example, if a company defaults or slips into bankruptcy, the debtors will go after the company’s assets in order to recover their debt. If the company’s assets are not enough to cover the debt, legally the debtors cannot go after the directors, officers, or shareholders personal assets in order to recover their debts. This is the primary advantage of a corporation. There are many types of corporations, but in terms of taxation, there are two types of corporations. The two types refer to the special types of tax categories or elections recognized by the internal revenue authority. The two types of corporations are C and S corporations, and they have different advantages and disadvantages, and formulation processes. The formulation process of both types of corporations is similar, and it starts with filing at the state level before proceeding to the IRS. The structures between the two types of corporations are similar, and the two share a number of characteristics such as allowing shareholders, directors, and officers to separate their personal assets from corporation assets. The major difference between the two types of corporations is the taxing system attached to each. The taxation regime applied on S corporations sets many restrictions to the shareholders compared to shareholders of C corporations (Block 56). This election of corporations includes all the publicly traded or listed companies. It is the most common structure of a company found in the United States. This corporation is recognized as a separate legal entity, and shareholders’ own it. A C Corporation does not have a maximum number of shareholders because of its independent

The Role of Financial Intermediation in Banking

The Role of Financial Intermediation in Banking Financial intermediaries exist to solve or reduce market imperfections such as differences in preferences of lenders and borrowers, transaction cost, shocks in consumers consumption and asymmetric information. Theories developed to explain how financial intermediaries reduce market imperfection: Asset transformation Transaction cost reduction Liquidity insurance Informational economies of scale and delegated monitoring Asset Transformation Asset transformation is a process performed by financial intermediaries to transform particular types of assets into to others. This is to satisfy the need of borrowers for long term capital and the need of lender for high degree of liquidity in their asset. Financial intermediaries transform the primary securities issued by firms into indirect securities by lenders. They issue liabilities (deposit claims) which are short term, low risk and high liquidity, and use parts of these funds to acquire larger, high risk and illiquid claims. 3 Main Transformations Maturity Transformation As the liabilities of financial intermediaries mature faster than their assets, financial intermediaries mismatch the maturity of the assets will maturity of the liabilities by making long-term loans and fund them by issuing short-term deposit. Size Transformation The amount required by borrowers are much more than the amount made available by lenders. Financial intermediaries will then collect and combine the funders from lenders as required by the borrowers. Liquidity Transformation Financial intermediaries provide financial or secondary claims or loans. Deposits which are held under liabilities of banks balance are low risk and high liquidity, while loans which are held under the assets of banks balance are riskier and illiquid. To hold liabilities and assets of different degree of liquidity, financial intermediaries will diversify their portfolios. More diversification will lower the default probability. Risk Transformation Financial intermediaries must be seen by the lenders as a safe place to make deposits. However, the loans made by the intermediaries to the borrower bear some default risk. Therefore, financial intermediaries have to transform risk to reconcile the preferences of borrowers and lenders. Firstly, banks use credit scoring to select good borrowers with good repaying loans history to minimize the risk of loss of each loan. Second is to diversify risk by lending to different types of borrowers. Banks try to avoid heavy concentration on an economic activity or on a particular area. They also limit the amount that can be loan out. Example: From 1985-1989, 400 Texan banks failed which are resulted from heavy concentration on their loan portfolio in real estate dependent on the oil businesses. Third is by pooling risks. Variability of losses can be reduced by making loans to many borrowers. Although by making out many loans does not reduce the loss in the portfolio of loans overall, but it increase the bank accuracy of prediction and limits maximum loss for which the intermediaries has to allow. How financial intermediaries reduce transaction costs? Financial intermediaries reduce transaction costs by internalizing them. They make network and information system available to lenders and borrowers. As such, lenders and borrowers do not have to find a suitable counterpart each time they want to make a transaction with the other party. Financial intermediaries also provide standardized products which help to reduce the information cost related with scrutinizing individual financial instruments. They also use tested procedures and routines. Theory of transaction costs Economies of scale refer to the transaction costs per dollar of output is reduced as the number of financial transactions increase. Example: When using loan contract for many loans, the unit cost of a contract per loan is lower than a loan contract drawn up individually when undertaking direct lending. Economies of cost refer to the cost of producing at least 2 products together is lower that producing them individually. It is concerned with deposit and payment services, because deposits are legal financial claims which allow banks to collect funds to sustain their lending activities and satisfy the request of making payments. Expertise They developed expertise to lower transaction cost. Financial intermediaries such as banks and mutual funds develop in information technology such as ATM to provide liquidity service. Asymmetric Information Adverse Selection It arises when borrowers who are likely to produce undesirable results are the one who are actively seeking loans, because they know that they are unlikely to pay it back. Adverse selection increases the probability that the loan might become a bad credit risk. Hence, lenders may decide not to loan out, even when there is good credit risk. Moral Hazard It is the risk that occurs after the transaction has been made. It is the risk that the borrower may engage in activities which is undesirable from the lenders point of view because there a likelihood that the loan will not be repaid. Therefore, lenders may decide not to make loan. How adverse selection influence financial structure? Equity Market When borrower wanted to make investment and yet is unable to distinguish between good and bad firms, he is only willing to pay the price the price that reflects the average quality of firms. However, the firms have more information than the investors and will know the quality of the projects. Good firms will not be willing to sell the securities because they know that their securities are undervalued. Only bad firms are willing to sell their securities at the average price because the price is higher than the value of bad firms securities. However, investors may not want to buy securities from bad firms and end up decides not to buy any. Bond Market A potential investor will only be willing to buy a bond if the interest rate is high enough to compensate him the average default risk between the good and bad firms. Good firms will not want to borrow funds because they know that they are less risk adverse and should not pay an interest that is higher than what they originally should pay for. Only bad firms are willing to pay for such interest rate. However, investor does not wish to buy bond from bad firms. Subsequently, there will be fewer bonds sold in the markets. Tool used which helps to reduce or solve adverse selection problems Private production and sales of information Government regulation to increase information Financial intermediaries Private companies such as Standard and Poors, Moodys and Value Line gather firms financial position and investment activities, and sell them to potential investor. Such information will help investors in making more accurate investment decisions. However, this does not completely solve the asymmetric problem because of the free-rider problem. The free-rider problem occurs when individual who do not pay for the information take advantage of the information of which others has paid for. An investor who has paid for the information knows which the are good firms. He decides to buy securities of good firms that are undervalued. The free-riding investors observe which securities is the investor who paid for information is buying, will buy the same securities. This leads to increase in demand of the securities and soon the price of that security will increase to reflect the true value. As a result, because of these free-riders, the investors who bought the information will not benefit. As such, he will realize that he should not buy the information in the first place. If other investors also realize this, private companies may not be able to make enough profit from producing the information, and less information is produced in the market and so adverse selection will interfere with the efficient function of securities markets. Government regulation to increase information Government could regulate financial markets to ensure that firms disclose all information so that investors could distinguish between good firms and bad firms. In United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the government agency that requires firm selling securities to be certified in adhering to standard accounting principles and disclose honest information about their sales, assets and earnings. But, government intervention on disclosing information does not solve adverse selection completely because accounting principles can be manipulated. Also bad firms can slant information which is required to transmit public to make them look like good firms. By doing so, they can get higher price for their securities. Thus, investors will have problem again to identify which firms are the good ones. Financial intermediaries Financial intermediaries such as banks have developed expertise in the production of information so that they can evaluate the quality of firms better. Banks produce information through the transactions on the borrowers bank accounts. From the transactions, banks will be able to determine the suitability of credit and ability to repay the loan. Banks then acquire funds from depositors and lend them to good firms. By lending the money to good firms, banks will be able to earn a higher return than they pay to depositors. Banks will then earn profit and can continue in producing information. Also, banks can make profit because it can avoid free-rider problem. They make private loans which are not traded in open markets. As such, other investors cannot follow what the bank did and bid the price of loan where the bank does not get any gain for the information it produces. Fact: Banks are important to developing countries. When banks produce information, the problem on asymmetric problem is less severe, and it will be easier for firms to issue securities. Information in developing countries is difficult to get as compared to developed countries. Therefore, banks have to play the role in producing information. Collateral Collateral which is property that promised to the lender if the lender default, reduces the adverse selection problem because it reduces the lender losses if the borrower goes into default. How moral hazard influences financial markets Moral hazard occurs after the transaction takes place. It is the risk that the borrower may engage in risky activities which is undesirable from the lenders point of view, because the loan may be unpaid. Because of the presence of moral hazard problems, firms find it easier to raise fund with debt instruments rather than with equity contracts. Moral hazard in equity contracts Equity contracts subject to a type of moral hazard known as principal-agent problem. In a firm, there are managers and stockholders. Usually, managers and stockholders are different people. Managers are the ones who have more information than the stockholders while the stockholders own most of the firms equity. The separation of ownership and control and with the presence of asymmetric information, managers may act in their own interest rather than the interest of the stockholder because managers have fewer incentives to maximize the profit that the stockholder do. Tools to help reduce/solve moral hazard in equity markets Production of information: monitoring To reduce moral hazard problem, stockholders can engage in the monitoring of the firm activities by auditing the firm frequently and checking on what the management is doing. However, monitoring can be very costly. (Monitoring is a costly state verification). This also explains in parts why equity is not an important element in the financial structure. However, this could also cause free-rider problem. Free-rider problem reduces the moral hazard problem. Because, when stockholder knows that other stockholders are paying for the monitoring activities, he can free ride on their activities. If all stockholders share the same mentality, no stockholders will be willing to pay for the monitoring activities. Government regulation to increase information Governments enforce laws to ensure that firms are adhering to accounting standards which can verify the profit easier, and impose penalties on people who committed fraud in hiding or stealing the profit. However, this measure is not very effective because managers have the incentive to make fraud difficult to be proven. Financial intermediaries active in the equity market An example of financial intermediaries is the venture capital firm which cans helps to reduce moral hazard arising from the principal-agent problem. They use fund of their partners to help entrepreneurs in setting up new businesses. In exchange for the use of funds provided by venture capital firm, venture capital firm get an equity shares in the new business. Because verifying profit is important in eliminating moral hazard, venture capital firms usually insist on having several of their own people to participate in the management of the firm. Also, the equity in the firm cannot be sold to anyone but to the venture capital firm. Therefore, other investors are unable to free-ride on the venture capital firms activities on verifying profit. Debt Contracts Debt contract is a contractual agreement by which the borrower promised to pay lender fixed amount at regular intervals. The amount of profit made by firm will not affect how much will the lender be receiving. Therefore, whether did the managers have been hiding or stealing profit or engaging in activities which do not increase the level of profit earned, it is of no concern to the lenders, so long as the firm is able to make payment. Only when the firm is unable to make payment as promised, then will the lenders have to know how much profit is the firm getting. As such, less monitoring is required for debt contracts and therefore, lowering the cost of state verification. This also explains why debt contracts are used more often than equity contracts to raise funds. The concept of moral hazard explains why stocks are not the most important source of financing for businesses. How moral hazard influences financial structure in debt markets Although debt contracts has lower moral hazard as compared to equity contracts, but debt contracts are still subjected to moral hazard. Because debt contracts only require firms to pay a fixed amount and allow them to keep profit above this amount, firms have an incentive to take on risky investment projects Tools to help reduce/solve moral hazard in debt markets Making debt contract incentive-compatible High net worth makes the debt contract incentive-compatible; it aligns the incentive of the borrower with that of the lender. Firms with higher net worth are more likely to act in the way that are desirable form the lenders point of view, and thus reducing moral hazard problem, and it will be easier for firms to borrow. Monitoring and enforcement of restrictive covenants By introducing restrictive covenants into debt contracts, moral hazard problems are be reduced, as restrictive covenants is a provision which restricts firms activities by either ruling out undesirable behavior or encouraging desirable behavior. There are mainly four types of covenants/ Covenants to discourage undesirable behaviors Such covenants restrict firms to use the debt contracts to finance on fixed assets or inventories. Others may restrict firms to engage in risky activities such as acquiring other businesses. Covenants may also disallow firm to issue new debt or dispose it asset, and may also restrict dividend payments if ratios such as leverage ratio, ratio of debt to equity has up to a certain level. Covenants that encourage desirable behavior Such covenants require the borrower to have a life insurance that pays off the loan upon the death of the borrower. Such covenants may also encourage firms to keep it net worth high because firms with high net worth reduce the moral hazard problem. Hence, it minimizes the chance that the lenders may be making losses. These covenants require firms to maintain minimum holding of asset relative to the size of the firm. Covenant to keep collateral valuable Such covenants encourage borrower to keep the collateral in good condition and it must be in the possession of the borrower. Covenants to provide information Such covenants provide information about its activities periodically in the form of quarterly accounting and income reports. Such covenants may also allow the lender to audit the firms anytime. This explains why debt contracts are complicated legal documents with restrictions on borrowers behavior. Covenants reduce moral hazard but do not eliminate them, as it not difficult to rule out every risky activity. Also, to ensure that firms are complying with the covenants, monitoring must be enforced. However, monitoring is very costly. Investors may free-ride on the monitoring activities undertaken by other investors. Financial intermediaries, particularly banks are able to avoid the free-riders problems

Home Depot’s Organizational Culture Essay

In my opinion, Nardelli’s programs were failed in changing operation of Home Depot to a more effective one. There are two reasons that Nardelli was not more successful. First, most employees did not want to an outsider to â€Å"GE-ize their company and culture. † Employees in Home Depot did not trust their new manager, which led absent support when Nardelli carried out the new process. The second reason was also the more important reason. Nardelli used the concept learned from industrial businesses to conduct the customer businesses. Since Nardelli wanted to conduct Home Depot in his own approach, he failed to recognize the importance of front-line staff, which leaded his fail in conducting the retailing business. The thing he should have done was improve the circulation of information between the different stores or within different level. Only in this way, he could solve the problem that Home Depot faced at that time—too large to be profitable. The worst thing he should not have done was to get rid of many old employees and replaced the full timers with part-time staff. This decline in the quality of customer service and customer satisfaction strongly hurt the customer orientated business. 2. Nardelli provided a three-part strategy including improving Home Depot’s profit, and expanding the business and market. Crow focused on the other three priorities which would revive employees’ sense of ownership, foster their product knowledge, and boost their morale. The greatest difference was that Nardelli’s initiatives programs were concentrated on increasing profit and expansion, while Tim Crow’s programs were concentrated on increasing employees. Nardelli’s action decreased employees’ satisfaction and loyalty, which ruined Home Depot’s strong customer service culture. Tim Crow’s programs increased employees’ loyalty and revived Home Depot’s organizational culture. 3. Strong culture reflects the values of the organization’s founders. Home Depot’s founders: Bernard Marcus and Arthur Black, as entrepreneurs, emphasized on commitment to customers, colleagues, and company. These conducted the original culture of Home Depot. Sometimes, the organizational culture could cause conflict when top management changed. When Nardelli toke over Home Depot, clash of two distinct cultural approaches occurred. Organizational culture that is consisted of shared beliefs, values, and assumptions existed in the organization would lead the behavior of employees and the direction of organization. Home Depot’s original culture let employees to establish strong relationship with customers, but after Nardelli’s conduction, this relationship as well as employees’ and loyalty were harmed. Since the culture would affect employees’ performance and organization’s achievement, it should be built to fit the characteristics of the business and altered with great care. Coordination, conflict resolution, and financial success were the assets of maintaining culture. However Nardelli failed to achieve these goals. Tim Crow, on the other hand, focused on restoring the initial culture by implementing more employee award programs that would positively impact employee loyalty and performance.

Macroeconomic Outlook of U.S. Economy Essay - 1835 Words

Investment Analysis Macroeconomic outlook of U.S. economy For every four to six years U.S economy faces an economic slowdown. Thus the current market is now in forth year. The root of U.S. crisis and its economy can be traced backed to 2007, when U.S housing bubble burst which yields a financial meltdown in 2008. In average, the American trying to make ends meet in 2014, a market and a recession will probably look and feel the same. In early 2008, when the financial crisis began, then the U.S. national debt stood at $9.2 trillion. Figures figure out by the White House, the national debt will reach $20.0 trillion by the end of decade about 140% of our current GDP. Successful debt reduction requires fiscal constraint and policies that†¦show more content†¦The positive gains will come strongly as business and customer’s confidence reinforce, when the overseas sales increases and the Europe begins to emerge from the prolong snooze. And the manufacturing purchasing index activity reports will show the strong expanding output. Furthermore, there is a decent chance of an upside surprise to 2014 growth. Rational investor’s investments, spending and confidence are still below than the expected level what would be considered normal levels by the standards of past economic expansions. As the job growth becomes strong and consumers feel more protected then a righteous way of spending is getting better, more consumer income begetting more spending could be initiated. If this occurs rapidly then the quarterly growth is likely to exceed an annually at the rate of 3%. But if this does not happens in 2014 than it is nevertheless very likely to happen before the end of 2015. (Payne, 2014) Unemployment In March 2014, the encouraging thing was that the unemployment rate held at 6.7%. Even though a lot of individuals entered the labor force who power up the participation rate to 63.2% which explicitly means that the number of unemployed people did not raise so much. But the rate is expected to gradually drop to 6.3% by the end of the year. In March, although the initial reports on weather effects in January and February nevertheless played a role in dampening job growth in thoseShow MoreRelatedEssay on Current Macroeconomic Situation in the United States867 Words   |  4 Pages The United States is the leading economy across the globe and experienced several tribulations in the recent past following the 2008 global recession. Despite these recent challenges, there are expectations among policymakers and financial experts that the country will experience solid economic growth. 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